中国交通的可持续发展

Sustainable Development of Transport in China

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2020年12月

December 2020

　　目录

　　前言

　　一、走新时代交通发展之路

　　（一）以建设人民满意交通为目标

　　（二）以当好发展“先行官”为定位

　　（三）以新发展理念为引领

　　（四）以改革开放为动力

　　（五）以创新驱动为支撑

　　二、从交通大国向交通强国迈进

　　（一）基础设施从“连线成片”到“基本成网”

　　（二）运输服务从“走得了”到“走得好”

　　（三）交通科技从“跟跑为主”到“跟跑并跑领跑”并行

　　三、服务决战脱贫攻坚和决胜全面小康

　　（一）坚决打赢交通扶贫脱贫攻坚战

　　（二）“四好农村路”建设推动贫困地区交通高质量发展

　　（三）交通助推广大农民脱贫致富奔小康

　　四、推进交通治理现代化

　　（一）推进交通治理体系改革

　　（二）推进交通运输绿色发展

　　（三）加强安全防控和应急保障能力建设

　　五、推动构建全球交通命运共同体

　　（一）助力共建“一带一路”

　　（二）积极推动全球交通治理体系变革

　　（三）加强国际交流与合作

　　六、中国交通的未来展望

　　结束语

Contents

Preface 

 I. A New Path for Transport in the New Era 

 II. China’s Growing Strength in Transport 

 III. A Key to Poverty Alleviation and Moderate Prosperity 

 IV. Modernization of Transport Governance 

 V. Building a Global Community of Transport for All 

 VI. Future Prospects for China’s Transport 

Conclusion 

　　前言

Preface

　　交通运输是国民经济中基础性、先导性、战略性产业和重要的服务性行业，是可持续发展的重要支撑。

Transport is an important service industry – a basic, leading and strategic sector of the economy underpinning sustainable development.

　　新中国成立以来特别是改革开放以来，在中国共产党领导下，中国的交通运输秉持与经济社会协调发展、与自然生态和谐共生的理念，以建设人民满意交通为目标，自立自强，艰苦奋斗，取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，从根本上改变了基础薄弱、整体落后的面貌，为经济社会发展提供了有力保障，走出了一条中国特色交通发展之路。

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, and particularly since the beginning of reform and opening up in 1978, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), China has followed a strategy of coordinating the development of its transport industry with its economy and society, and ensuring harmony between the transport system and the natural environment. Based on a self-reliant approach, China has made a great effort to create a transport industry that fully responds to public needs. Remarkable results have been achieved, and a once-backward transport industry with a weak base has been hugely improved, providing strong support for economic and social development and creating an outstanding transport system with Chinese characteristics.

　　中共十八大以来，在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，中国交通发展取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，进入基础设施发展、服务水平提高和转型发展的黄金时期，进入高质量发展的新时代。基础设施网络规模居世界前列，运输服务保障能力不断提升，科技创新能力显著增强，行业治理现代化水平大幅跃升，人民高品质出行需求得到更好满足，中国加快向交通强国迈进。

Since the 18th CPC National Congress held in November 2012, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China has made historic progress in its transport system. The industry has entered a golden period characterized by infrastructure improvements, better services, and high-quality transformation and development. China leads the world in terms of the scale of its transport infrastructure. Its transport service and support capacity has steadily improved, its capacity for technological innovation has markedly strengthened, and the modernization of management has made huge steps forward in this sector. As a result, the public now enjoys higher-quality travel experiences, and China is on the way to becoming a world leader in transport. 

　　当今世界正经历百年未有之大变局，各国的前途命运从未像现在这样紧密相连，交通对于加强互联互通、促进民心相通日益重要。作为负责任大国，中国认真落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，积极参与全球交通治理，加强国际交流与合作，为促进全球可持续发展、推动构建人类命运共同体贡献中国智慧、中国力量。

The world today is undergoing levels of change unseen in a century, and the future of all countries is linked in ways that are unprecedented. In this context, the role of transport in enhancing connectivity and people-to-people bonds is growing in importance. As a major country that shoulders its responsibilities, China is committed to implementing the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It takes an active part in global transport governance, and looks to strengthen international exchanges and cooperation, so as to contribute Chinese wisdom and strength to sustainable development throughout the world and help to build a global community of shared future.

　　为全面介绍新时代中国交通发展成就，分享中国交通可持续发展的理念和实践，增进国际社会认识和了解，特发布本白皮书。

The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to provide a full picture of China’s achievements in the field of transport, and to share with the international community China’s strategy and activities in building a sustainable transport system.

　一、走新时代交通发展之路

I. A New Path for Transport in the New Era

　　中国交通积极适应新的形势要求，坚持对内服务高质量发展、对外服务高水平开放，把握基础设施发展、服务水平提高和转型发展的黄金时期，着力推进综合交通、智慧交通、平安交通、绿色交通建设，走新时代交通发展之路。

China’s transport industry has followed a new path to keep up with the new development dynamic, serving high-quality domestic development and high-standard opening up. China is taking advantage of a period of golden opportunities to improve infrastructure, upgrade services and make transformation in order to build a comprehensive transport system that is intelligent, safe, and green.

　　（一）以建设人民满意交通为目标

1. Building the Transport System That the People Need

　　为了人民、依靠人民、服务人民，是中国交通发展的初心和使命。新时代的中国交通，秉持人民至上、以人为本的发展理念，坚持人民共建共治共享，建设人民满意交通。

China is committed to satisfying public needs and serving public interest in developing its transport industry. In the new era, China adheres to a people-centered approach to governing and developing the sector based on public collaboration and participation for the benefit of all. It is dedicated to building the transport system that the people need.

　　——人民交通靠人民。坚持人民主体地位，着力解决人民最关心、最直接、最现实的交通发展问题，充分调动人民的积极性主动性创造性，鼓励社会公众参与交通治理，依靠人民办好交通。

– Public participation. China must concentrate its efforts on solving the most pressing, immediate transport issues that concern the people the most, encourage them to become involved in the governance of transport, and boost their initiative and creativity.

　　——人民交通由人民共享。统筹公平和效率，坚持普惠性、保基本、均等化、可持续方向，大力推进城乡基本公共服务均等化，保障城乡居民行有所乘，让人民共享交通发展成果。

– Benefit for all. China should guarantee equitable and efficient access to basic public services in urban and rural areas, and ensure that transport development is sustainable and beneficial to all.

　　——人民交通让人民满意。以人民满意为根本评判标准，聚焦新时代人民对交通的新期待，深化供给侧结构性改革，推动交通运输高质量发展，不断满足不同群体的交通运输需求，不断提升人民的获得感、幸福感、安全感。

– People-centered development. Public satisfaction is the ultimate criterion for evaluating government work. In the light of public expectations in the new era, China focuses on building a high-quality transport industry through supply-side structural reform, meeting the transport needs of diverse groups, and bringing the people a stronger sense of gain, happiness and security.

　　（二）以当好发展“先行官”为定位

2. Leading Economic Development

　　经济要发展，国家要强大，交通要先强起来。把交通运输作为经济社会发展的“先行官”，坚持先行引导、适度超前原则，保持一定发展速度，为经济社会发展提供坚实基础和有力保障。

A nation and its economy can only be strong when its transport system is well-developed. Transport plays a leading role in economic and social development. China ensures that it can play this role to the full by always planning for the future and maintaining an appropriate pace of growth.

　　——措施上优先部署。实施京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展、长三角一体化发展、粤港澳大湾区建设等区域协调发展战略，推进脱贫攻坚、乡村振兴、新型城镇化等重大决策部署，把交通运输作为先行领域重点部署、优先保障。

– Priority in planning. Priority has been given to transport when implementing strategies for coordinated regional development, including the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and when facilitating major programs such as poverty eradication, rural revitalization, and new urbanization.

　　——能力上适度超前。适应新型工业化、信息化、城镇化和农业现代化发展要求，以加快建设综合立体交通网络为目标，以综合交通运输规划编制为抓手，适度超前布局交通基础设施建设，支撑经济社会发展，为未来发展留足空间。

– Future-oriented planning. In formulating comprehensive transport plans, and in building a comprehensive and multidimensional transport network, China has adopted future-oriented plans for infrastructure construction to accommodate new industrialization, information technology, urbanization, and agricultural modernization. The goal is to bolster economic and social development now and in the future.

　　——作用上先行引领。充分发挥交通运输在国土空间开发、产业梯度转移、城镇布局优化、经济贸易交流中的先导作用，发挥互联网新业态在培育经济发展新动能中的引领作用，促进新经济形态加速崛起。

– The leading role of transport. Transport should play a key role in making the best use of land, facilitating cross-region industrial transfer, improving the spatial layout of urban areas, and promoting economic exchanges and trade. China gives full play to the leading role of new internet-based transport business forms in fostering driving forces for economic development and accelerating the rise of new forms of economic activity.

　　（三）以新发展理念为引领

3. New Development Philosophy as Guide

　　贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，是新时代中国交通发展的关键。以新发展理念引领交通高质量发展，更新观念，转变方式，破解难题，厚植优势。

Implementing the vision of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development is the key to developing China’s transport industry in the new era. China works to steer the future of transport with the new development philosophy, updating concepts, adopting new approaches, resolving difficulties and boosting strengths.

　　——建设安全、便捷、高效、绿色、经济的现代化综合交通运输体系。打造高品质的快速交通网、高效率的普通干线网、广覆盖的基础服务网，加快形成立体互联的综合交通网络化格局和横贯东西、纵贯南北、内畅外通的综合交通主骨架。

– Building a modern comprehensive transport system that is safe, convenient, efficient, green and economical. China aims to build a high-quality rapid transit network, an efficient regular artery network, and an extensive basic service network. China is moving faster in building a comprehensive and multidimensional and interconnected transport network that traverses the whole country and connects it to the world.

　　——推动交通运输供给侧结构性改革。降低交通运输结构性、制度性、技术性、管理性、服务性成本，促进物流业“降本增效”，更好发挥交通运输在物流业发展中的基础和主体作用。

– Advancing supply-side structural reform in transport. China reduces the structural, institutional, technical, administrative, and service costs of transport, helps logistics industry to reduce costs and increase efficiency, so that transport can play the principal role in boosting the development of the logistics industry.

　　——优化营商环境。加强法治政府建设，合理划分交通运输领域中央与地方财政事权和支出责任，推进简政放权、加强管理、优化服务，健全完善以信用为基础的新型监管机制，提升营商环境的国际化、法治化、市场化水平。

– Improving the business environment. In promoting law-based governance of the country, China properly defines the fiscal powers of the central and local governments in the field of transport and their responsibilities for expenditure, further streamlines administration and delegates powers, strengthens regulation, and provides better services to the transport industry. Efforts have been made to build a new supervision mechanism based on credit, and provide a business environment that is based on market principles, governed by the rule of law, and aligned with international standards.

　　——增强发展动能。鼓励和规范交通新业态发展，加快推动新旧动能转换，建立多层次、可选择、多元化的运输服务体系，提高交通服务水平。

– Strengthening drivers of development. China encourages and regulates new forms of business in the transport industry, accelerates the transformation of growth drivers, and strives to establish a multilevel transport service system offering high quality and diverse options.

　　（四）以改革开放为动力

4. Reform and Opening Up as a Driving Force

　　深化改革、扩大开放是交通运输发展行稳致远的强大动力。坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，把“有效市场”和“有为政府”更好结合起来，进一步解放和发展交通运输生产力。

Further reform and opening up provides a powerful driving force for steady progress in the transport industry. China perseveres with its reform to build the socialist market economy, and creates stronger synergy between a well-functioning market and an enabling government, so as to unleash the productivity of the transport industry.

　　——坚持市场化改革。充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，放开交通运输市场，推进质量变革、效率变革、动力变革，着力依靠市场解决发展不充分的问题，更好发挥政府作用解决发展不平衡的问题，不断完善交通运输市场体系，释放交通运输活力。

– Making the transport industry more market-oriented. China ensures that the market plays the decisive role in resource allocation, and that the government plays its role better. The state has lifted restrictions on access to the transport market and is promoting changes for higher quality, efficiency and impetus. It is crucial to rely on the market to tackle insufficient development while better playing the role of the government in addressing unbalanced development, so as to improve the transport market and increase the vitality of the transport industry.

　　——坚持高水平开放。打开国门搞建设，积极推进交通运输“走出去”“请进来”，以服务共建“一带一路”为重点，着力推动陆上、海上、天上、网上“四位一体”联通和政策、规则、标准“三位一体”联通，提升与其他国家互联互通水平和国际运输便利化水平。

– Pursuing high-standard opening up. China pursues development with its doors open wide and encourages “bringing in” and “going global” in transport development. Focusing on facilitating cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, China makes great efforts to promote land, sea, air and cyber connectivity, and coordination of policies, rules and standards, so as to ensure higher-level connectivity with other countries and facilitate international transport.

　　（五）以创新驱动为支撑

5. Innovation as Support

　　创新是交通运输发展的动力源泉。把创新作为推动发展的第一动力，以科技创新为牵引，大力推进管理创新、制度创新、文化创新，完善创新体系，优化创新环境，强化人才支撑。

Innovation is a prime mover in transport development. With technological innovation as a locomotive, China promotes innovation in management, institutions and culture, improves its innovation system and environment, and optimizes its human resources in support of the transport industry.

　　——以基础设施建养技术迭代升级增强交通运输系统韧性，增强交通基础设施抵御灾害与预警监测能力，提升高速铁路、高速公路、特大桥隧、深水筑港、大型机场工程等建造技术水平。

– Increasing the durability of the transport system through upgrading infrastructure construction and maintenance technologies. China strengthens the disaster-resistance, early warning and monitoring capacity of its transport infrastructure, and improves its engineering technologies for high-speed rail, expressways, mega bridges and tunnels, deep-water ports, large airports and other projects.

　　——以智慧交通建设推进数字经济、共享型经济产业发展，推动模式、业态、产品、服务等联动创新，提高综合交通运输网络效率，构筑新型交通生态系统。

– Advancing the digital economy and the sharing economy through developing intelligent transport. China fosters a new transport system by promoting coordinated innovation in business models and forms, products, and services, and improving the efficiency of comprehensive transport networks.

　　——以数字化、网络化、智能化、绿色化技术的发展，拓展交通运输高质量发展空间，抓住全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革催生新技术新模式新业态的历史机遇，推动交通运输可持续发展。

– Raising the quality of the transport industry through digital, internet-based, intelligent and green technologies. China endeavors to seize the historic opportunities provided by a new round of global technological revolution and industrial transformation, and use new technologies and new business models and forms to promote sustainable development of its transport industry.

　　二、从交通大国向交通强国迈进

II. China’s Growing Strength in Transport

　　进入新时代，中国交通驶入高质量发展的快车道，基础设施建设日新月异，运输服务能力、品质和效率大幅提升，科技支撑更加有力，人民出行更加便捷，货物运输更加高效，中国正在从交通大国向交通强国迈进。

In the new era, China is accelerating the high-quality development of its transport industry – it is seeing consistent progress in infrastructure construction, marked improvements in transport capacity, quality and efficiency, stronger technological support, greater accessibility and convenience, and more efficient freight transport. China is building up its strengthen in transport.

　　（一）基础设施从“连线成片”到“基本成网”

1. Creating a Comprehensive Infrastructure Network

　　牢牢把握交通基础设施优化布局、加速成网的重要机遇期，深入推进交通供给侧结构性改革，一大批综合客运、货运枢纽投入运营，综合交通网络规模和质量实现跃升，覆盖广度和通达深度不断提升。

China has taken advantage of a key window of opportunity to optimize the configuration of transport infrastructure and build it into a comprehensive network. The country has advanced supply-side structural reform in transport by bringing into service a group of passenger and freight hubs. The scale, quality and coverage of the comprehensive transport network have been significantly increased.

　　综合交通基础设施基本实现网络化。截至2019年底，全国铁路营业里程达到13.9万公里，其中高速铁路营业里程超过3.5万公里；全国公路里程达到501.3万公里，其中高速公路里程15万公里；拥有生产性码头泊位2.3万个，其中万吨级及以上泊位数量2520个；内河航道通航里程12.7万公里；民用航空颁证运输机场238个；全国油气长输管道总里程达到15.6万公里，互联互通程度明显加强；邮路和快递服务网络总长度（单程）4085.9万公里，实现乡乡设所、村村通邮。综合立体交通网络初步形成，有力支撑了经济社会持续快速健康发展。

Forming a basic network for comprehensive transport infrastructure. By the end of 2019, China had a total of 139,000 km of rail track, of which high-speed lines represented 35,000 km, and a total of more than 5 million km of highways, of which expressways represented 150,000 km. The country had 23,000 operative berths, including 2,520 berths of 10,000-tonne-class or above, and 127,000 km of navigable inland waterways. There were 238 certified civil airports throughout the country. The long-distance oil and gas pipelines totaled 156,000 km with better connections achieved. The total network length of postal and express delivery services approximated 41 million km; every township had a post office and every village was provided with postal services. A comprehensive and multidimensional transport network has been put in place to give strong support to the sustained, rapid and healthy development of society and the economy.

　　综合运输大通道基本贯通。着力加强综合运输大通道建设，进一步打通国家运输大动脉，有力保障国土和能源安全，强化区域间政治经济联系。加快建设“十纵十横”综合运输大通道，依托京沪、京广、沿海、沿江等综合运输大通道，长三角、珠三角、环渤海等港口群和长江沿线港口形成的经济带、城市群成为中国经济最具活力、人口最为密集的区域。上海到南京、上海到杭州高速通道沿线集聚了长三角三分之二的城市和约80%的经济总量。粤港澳大湾区形成了以高速铁路、城际铁路和高等级公路为主体的城际快速交通网络。西气东输、川气东送、海气登陆以及陕京线等天然气干线管输系统不断完善。煤炭物流通道布局更加合理，形成纵贯南北、东西的铁路能源运输大通道；粮食物流骨干通道全部打通，原粮散粮运输、成品粮集装化运输比重大幅提高，粮食物流效率稳步提升。区域间人员交流、物资流通日益便捷，横贯东西、纵贯南北、内畅外通的综合交通主骨架逐步形成。

Connecting the main transport corridors. The main transport corridors will be further expanded and connected to ensure China’s territorial and energy security, and strengthen economic and political connections between regions. The state has devised ten vertical and ten horizontal transport corridors. Economic belts and city clusters are thriving along the transport corridors between Beijing and Shanghai, between Beijing and Guangzhou, along the Yangtze River and the coastlines, and near the ports in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta and along the Bohai Sea Rim. They are becoming the most economically dynamic and populous areas in the country. Two thirds of the cities and 80 percent of the GDP of the Yangtze River Delta are concentrated along the high-speed transport corridors between Shanghai and Nanjing, and between Shanghai and Hangzhou. A rapid intercity transport network featuring high-speed railways, intercity railways and high-grade highways has been put in place in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

A trunk network of gas pipelines is improving with the capacity to transmit gas from west to east China, from Sichuan to east China and from Shaanxi to Beijing, and to bring gas from offshore. Coal logistics corridors are better configured, and a railway corridor for energy transport running across the country has taken shape. The main logistics corridors for grain have been connected, and the container volumes of unprocessed grain, bulk grain and refined grain have increased significantly, along with improved efficiency in grain logistics. Flow of people and goods is more convenient between regions. An open and comprehensive transport network that crosses the whole country and connects with the world has taken shape.

　　综合交通枢纽建设步伐加快。深入推进交通、物流、信息与经济社会深度融合，大力发展枢纽经济，积极培育经济发展新动能。结合全国城镇体系布局，打造北京、上海、广州等国际性综合交通枢纽，加快建设全国性、区域性综合交通枢纽。通过规划引领，强化一体化综合客运枢纽站建设，北京大兴、上海虹桥等一批综合交通枢纽建成，实现了高铁、城市客运、轨道交通、民航等交通方式的无缝对接。优化货运枢纽布局，推进多式联运型和干支衔接型货运枢纽（物流园区）建设，上海洋山港、郑州铁路港等一批现代物流枢纽建成，提高了换装水平，加快了多式联运发展，有力推动了综合交通运输体系建设。不同运输方式通过枢纽实现有机衔接，为优化国家经济空间布局和构建现代化经济体系提供了有力支撑。

Building integrated transport hubs. By giving full play to the hub economy and actively fostering new drivers of growth, China has promoted the integration of transport, logistics, and information with society and the economy. Considering the national urban configuration, the country has built international transport hubs in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, and created more transport hubs at national and regional levels. Highlighting the need for integrated transport terminals, a group of such projects have been completed, such as the Beijing Daxing and Shanghai Hongqiao hubs, integrating airport transport seamlessly with high-speed and standard rail, and urban passenger transport.

The configuration of freight terminals and logistics parks has been optimized for multimodal and multilevel transport. A number of modern logistics hubs, such as Yangshan Port in Shanghai and the railway inland port in Zhengzhou, have helped to improve the transshipment capacity, enhance multimodal transport, and create a comprehensive transport system. The integration of various transport methods at these hubs provides strong support for optimizing the economic structure and modernizing the economic system.

　　城市交通基础设施体系化建设稳步推进。截至2019年年底，全国城市道路总长度45.9万公里，人均道路面积17.36平方米，建成区路网密度达到6.65公里/平方公里，道路面积率达到13.19%。强化城市综合交通体系规划引领，加强内部交通与对外交通有效衔接。树立“窄马路、密路网”的城市道路布局理念，建设快速路、主干路和次支路级配合理、适宜绿色出行的城市道路网络。完善道路空间分配，充分保障绿色交通出行需求，规范设置道路交通安全设施和交通管理设施。开展人行道净化专项行动，推动自行车专用道建设，切实改善绿色出行环境。

Strengthening systematic planning for urban transport infrastructure. By the end of 2019, the total length of urban roads across the country was 459,000 km, the road area per capita 17.36 sq m, the road network density in the urban built-up areas was 6.65 km/sq km and the road area ratio 13.19 percent. The government has strengthened planning for a comprehensive urban transport network and improved effective transport connections between cities and neighboring areas.

With a concept of “narrower roads and a denser network”, China has built an urban road network featuring a reasonable composition of expressways, arterial roads, sub-arterial roads and branch roads friendly to green travel. The transport authorities have improved road space allocation to fully ensure the needs of green travel and regulated the provision of traffic safety and management facilities. The country has carried out campaigns to clear up sidewalks and build bike paths to improve the environment for green travel.

　　（二）运输服务从“走得了”到“走得好”

2. Optimizing Transport Capacity and Quality

　　全面提升交通运输服务质量，“互联网+交通”等新模式快速发展，多样化、品质化、均等化水平大幅提升，运输服务实现“人便其行、货畅其流”，通达性和保障性显著增强。交通运输对国家经济社会发展的支撑显著增强，促投资、促消费、稳增长作用明显。

China has made all-round improvements to the quality of transport. The rapid growth of Internet Plus Transport and other new business models has offered more equitable access to more diversified services of higher quality, facilitating the movement of people and goods, and strengthening the accessibility and support functions of transport. Transport is playing a stronger role in supporting the nation’s economic and social development, and in promoting investment, stimulating consumption, and sustaining growth.

　　货物运输服务保障能力不断提升。中国是世界上运输最繁忙的国家。面对日益增长的货物运输需求，加快多式联运发展，创新公铁联运、空铁联运、铁水联运、江海联运、水水中转、滚装联运等高效运输组织模式，开展铁路运能提升、水运系统升级、公路货运治理等专项行动，货物运输结构持续优化，综合运输效率不断提高，物流成本逐步降低，交通运输环境污染明显减少，原油、成品油、天然气管道建设不断提速。铁路运量占社会运输总量比例不断提升，“公转铁”行动取得突出成效。港口货物吞吐量和集装箱吞吐量均居世界第一。快递业务量保持强劲增长态势，连续6年位居世界第一。运输服务能力大幅提升，推进物流降本增效取得积极成效，促进了物流业转型升级。

Enhancing freight transport capacity. China is one of the busiest freight hubs in the world. The increasing demand for freight capacity requires China to accelerate multimodal transport, create efficient and innovative transport links such as rail-highway, air-rail, rail-waterway and river-sea transport, ship-to-ship transfer, and roll-on/roll-off shipping.

China has also implemented programs to raise railway transport capacity, upgrade waterway transport, and regulate highway freight transport. The freight transport structure has been optimized, overall transport efficiency has improved, and logistics costs have been lowered. A marked decrease has been seen in transport pollution. The construction of pipelines for crude oil, refined oil and natural gas is accelerating. The proportion of rail transport in total freight transport is increasing. Visible results have been achieved in shifting more freight transport from road to railway. The cargo throughput and container throughput in China’s ports both rank first in the world. Express delivery continues to flourish, and has led the world for the past six years. Substantial growth in transport service capacity has accelerated progress in reducing costs, increasing efficiency, and upgrading the logistics industry.

　　公众高品质出行需求逐步满足。旅客运输专业化、个性化服务品质不断提升，人们对“美好出行”的需求得到更好满足，出行体验更加方便、快捷、舒适、温暖。以道路运输为基础，高铁、民航为主要发展方向的出行服务体系更加完善，客运结构持续优化，中长距离客流逐步从公路转向高铁和民航。截至2019年底，动车组列车累计发送旅客120亿人次，占铁路旅客发送量的比重由2007年的4.5%增长到65.4%。春节、国庆等重要节庆日大规模客流的服务保障能力显著提升，人们不仅能够“说走就走”，而且走得“舒适、优雅、惬意”，“人享其行”的期盼逐步成为现实。

Meeting the public’s expectation for quality travel. Passenger transport is becoming more professional and personal, meeting the public’s expectation for a better, faster, more convenient, more comfortable, and satisfying travel experience. With road transport as the base and high-speed rail and civil aviation as the direction of future development, the transport service structure is improving. The trend is for passengers on middle- and long-distance journeys to shift from highway travel to high-speed rail and planes. By the end of 2019, 12 billion trips had been made on high-speed rail, and its share of total rail passenger transport had risen from 4.5 percent in 2007 to 65.4 percent.

The transport capacity and service during the Chinese New Year holiday, National Day holiday, and other travel peaks have significantly increased. People can now take a trip whenever they want, and enjoy quality and professional service that makes travel a comfortable and satisfying experience.

　　城市公共交通持续优先发展。发展公共交通是现代城市发展的方向，是加强城市交通治理、提升城市居民生活品质的有效措施。大力加强城市轨道交通建设，截至2019年底，全国共有40个城市开通运营城市轨道交通线路，运营里程达6172.2公里，城市轨道交通的骨干作用日益凸显，城市公交出行分担率稳步提高，舒适度不断提升。城市慢行交通系统较快发展，70余个城市发布共享单车管理实施细则，360余个城市提供了共享单车服务。城市公共交通的发展为人们出行提供了便利，满足了多样化出行需求。

Prioritizing the sustainable development of urban public transport. Modern cities aspire to provide high-quality public transport, and take effective measures to strengthen urban traffic management and enhance the life quality of urban citizens. Great efforts have been made to improve urban rail services. By the end of 2019, a total of 40 cities had opened urban rail transit lines, with 6,172.2 km of track. While the role of rail transit is increasingly visible, the number of people using public transport for travel is also growing, and the level of comfort is improving.

Rapid development has also been seen in non-motorized transport. More than 70 cities have released administrative measures to regulate bike-sharing, and over 360 cities provide bike-sharing services. Public transport offers convenient travel by meeting the public’s diverse travel needs.

　　基本公共服务均等化水平不断提升。努力保障公众公平享有交通服务权利，以交通和谐促进社会和谐。僻远地区开行的公益性“慢火车”，站站停、低票价、公交化，架起了山村与城市的沟通桥梁，成为沿线人民的“公交车”“致富车”。公路客运普及和农村物流发展有力促进了城乡一体化，截至2019年底，已开展52个城乡交通运输一体化示范县建设，全国城乡交通运输一体化发展水平达到AAA级、AAAA级以上的区县比例分别超过95%和79%。在铁路、公路、水运、民航、邮政等重要枢纽设置无障碍设施，推广无障碍化交通工具，为特殊群体提供了周到的出行服务。不断加大旅客运输及出行服务普惠力度，让人民共享交通发展成果。

Ensuring equal access to basic public services. To promote social harmony, the Chinesegovernment is committed to ensuring equal access to public transport services. Low-fare low-speed trains in remote areas which stop at every small station and have a similar function to buses, serve as a bridge between mountainous villages and cities. These trains provide a convenient public welfare service to people along the line and facilitate their efforts towards a better life.

The nationwide expansion of highway passenger transport and rural logistics has helped to integrate rural and urban areas. By the end of 2019, integration of rural and urban transport had been piloted in 52 counties; 95 percent of urban districts and counties nationwide had achieved AAA ratings in urban-rural transport integration, and 79 percent had achieved AAAA ratings. Accessible transport provides convenience for people with disabilities, and barrier-free access has been implemented at public transport hubs including train stations, highway service areas, passenger ship terminals, airports, and postal outlets. Further measures are being implemented to provide universal services and help people share in the fruits of transport development.

　　交通运输新业态新模式不断涌现。“互联网+”交通运输正在深刻改变着人们的出行方式。截至2019年底，网约车覆盖全国400多个城市，平台日均使用量达到2000万人次。共享单车有效解决了出行“最后一公里”难题，日均使用量约4570万人次。货运物流融入“互联网+”进程加快，推动了货运物流组织方式创新，95306铁路货运服务系统全面建成，2019年铁路网上货运业务办理比例达到85%，229家无车承运人试点企业整合货运车辆211万辆，车辆利用率提高约50.0%，较传统货运交易成本降低了6至8个百分点。“高铁网+互联网”双网融合取得突出成效，2019年12306互联网售票系统售票超过35.7亿张；电子客票基本实现全覆盖；高铁站车正逐步实现WIFI信号全覆盖，创新推出网上订餐、无线充电、智能交互等服务。截至2019年底，超过98%的二级以上汽车客运站提供省域联网售票服务。网约车、共享单车、共享汽车等线上线下新消费模式，刷脸进站、“无纸化”登机、无人机投递、无接触配送、智慧停车、道路客运定制服务等新业态，让人们享受到了便利，为经济发展注入了新动能。

Encouraging new models and forms of business in transport. Internet Plus models in transport are having a profound impact on the way people travel. By the end of 2019, more than 400 cities across the country had online car-hailing services, with daily usage averaging 20 million trips. Bike-sharing has effectively bridged the last kilometer in urban travel, with daily usage averaging more than 45.7 million trips.

The penetration of Internet Plus into freight logistics is accelerating, and inspiring organizational innovations. The 95306 online platform for railway freight services was put in place. In 2019, the online rail freight service handling rate rose to 85 percent. 229 non-truck operating common carriers integrated 2.11 million freight vehicles, improving the utilization rate by 50 percent, lowering the freight transaction cost by six to eight percentage points compared with traditional ways. The integration of the internet and high-speed railway network has seen remarkable results. In 2019, a total of 3.57 billion tickets were sold on 12306.cn, China’s official website for booking train tickets. Electronic tickets can be bought at almost all railway stations. China is on the way to achieving full WIFI coverage in high-speed trains and stations. It has also made innovations to roll out services such as online meal booking, wireless charging and intelligent interaction.

By the end of 2019, over 98 percent of the bus terminals at the county level and above offer province-side online ticket booking services. The new online and offline forms of passenger transport such as car-hailing, bike-sharing, and car-sharing services, and new forms of business such as facial recognition check-in at railway stations, paperless boarding at airports, drone delivery, contactless delivery, intelligent parking, and customized passenger transport services have brought convenience to people and injected fresh momentum to economic growth.

　　支撑区域重大战略实施。服务京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展、粤港澳大湾区建设等区域协调发展战略，加强交通运输布局，提供基础支撑。加快构建以首都为核心的多节点、网格状世界级城市群交通体系，加快建设雄安新区一流的综合交通运输体系。强化干线铁路、城际铁路、市域（郊）铁路、城市轨道交通的高效衔接，推动“四网融合”，着力打造“轨道上的京津冀”。全面推进干线航道系统化治理，提升长江黄金水道功能，疏解三峡运输“瓶颈”制约，建设长江经济带综合立体交通走廊。畅通大湾区经粤东西北至周边省区的综合运输通道，构建连接泛珠三角区域和东盟国家的陆路国际大通道，推动粤港澳大湾区现代化综合交通运输体系建设。以“海澄文（海口、澄迈、文昌）”一体化经济圈、大三亚旅游经济圈为重点，打造多节点、网格状、全覆盖的铁路、城际轨道和骨架公路网，全面支撑海南自由贸易港建设。以上海、南京、杭州、合肥、苏锡常、宁波等为节点，构建对外高效联通、内部有机衔接的多层次综合交通网络，推进长三角区域交通运输更高质量一体化发展。契合全流域生态保护和国土空间开发，加快形成黄河流域“通道+枢纽+网络”联动发展格局。差异化完善区域各板块交通网络，增强了对区域战略的交通支撑。

Supporting major strategies for regional development. China has strengthened the transport configuration to support and serve the strategy to coordinate the development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and other regions. The country has accelerated to build multi-junction transport matrices for world-class city clusters, and a first-class comprehensive transport system in the Xiong’an New Area. Efficient connections between trunk, intercity, suburban and urban rail have been achieved, with a focus on facilitating Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration.

In its efforts to systematically manage major waterways, China has mitigated the traffic bottleneck along the Three Gorges Dam, improved the function of the Yangtze River as the golden waterway, and endeavored to build a transport corridor along the Yangtze River Economic Belt. To create a modern and comprehensive transport network in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the country has opened up transport corridors in the east, west and north of Guangdong connecting the Greater Bay Area with surrounding provinces and regions, and aimed to build an international overland transport corridor linking the pan-Pearl River Delta with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

To support the Hainan Free Trade Port, China has built a multi-junction, province-wide transport matrix of railways, intercity rail, and main highways in Hainan, focusing on the Haikou-Chengmai-Wenchang Economic Integration Circle and the Greater Sanya Tourism Economic Circle. To promote better and integrated transport in the Yangtze River Delta, the country has built a multilevel, well-connected transport network with Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Hefei, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou and Ningbo as the junctions. 

In line with the need for eco-environmental conservation and territorial space development in the Yellow River Basin, China has coordinated the development of the transport corridors, hubs and network in the river basin. Targeted transport measures in various regions have been designed to support their respective strategies.

　　（三）交通科技从“跟跑为主”到“跟跑并跑领跑”并行

3. Moving from Follower to Leader in Transport Technology

　　经过不懈努力，交通运输科技创新能力大幅跃升，核心技术逐步自主可控，基础设施、运输装备取得标志性重大科技创新成果，可持续发展能力显著提升。中国的交通科技从跟跑世界一流水平为主，进入到跟跑、并跑、领跑并行的新阶段。

China’s capacity for innovation in transport has strengthened – it possesses self-developed core technologies, and has made major breakthroughs in transport infrastructure and equipment. Capacity for sustainable development is growing. China is making steady progress from a follower to a leader in transport technology.

　　交通超级工程举世瞩目。高速铁路、高寒铁路、高原铁路、重载铁路技术达到世界领先水平，高原冻土、膨胀土、沙漠等特殊地质公路建设技术攻克世界级难题。离岸深水港建设关键技术、巨型河口航道整治技术、长河段航道系统治理技术以及大型机场工程建设技术世界领先。世界单条运营里程最长的京广高铁全线贯通，一次性建成里程最长的兰新高铁，世界首条高寒地区高铁哈大高铁开通运营，大秦重载铁路年运量世界第一，世界上海拔最高的青海果洛藏族自治州雪山一号隧道通车。川藏铁路雅安至林芝段开工建设。港珠澳大桥、西成高铁秦岭隧道群、洋山港集装箱码头、青岛港全自动化集装箱码头、长江口深水航道治理等系列重大工程举世瞩目。中国在建和在役公路桥梁、隧道总规模世界第一，世界主跨径前十位的斜拉桥、悬索桥、跨海大桥，中国分别有7座、6座、6座，世界最高的10座大桥中有8座在中国。

World-leading mega-projects. China leads the world in technology for railways at high altitudes and in extremely low temperatures, and for high-speed and heavy-haul railways. It has solved the most challenging technical problems confronting highway construction in difficult geological conditions such as plateau permafrost, expansive soil, and desert. It also leads in core technologies for building deep-water offshore ports, improving massive estuary and long waterways, and building large airports.

The Beijing-Guangzhou High-speed Railway, the longest high-speed rail line in the world, has been completed. The Lanzhou-Urumqi High-speed Railway has the world’s longest line that has been built at one go. The Harbin-Dalian High-speed Railway, the world’s first high-speed rail line operating at low temperatures in winter is open to traffic. The Datong-Qinhuangdao Heavy-haul Railway ranks top in the world in terms of annual transport volume. The Xueshan No. 1 Tunnel, the world’s highest of its kind, built in Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, has been opened to traffic. The section of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway between Ya’an and Nyingchi is under construction.

Other notable mega-projects include the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, the Xi’an-Chengdu High-speed Rail cutting through the Qinling Mountains, the container terminal at Yangshan Port, the automated container terminal at Qingdao Port, and the deep-water channel improvement project in the Yangtze River Estuary.

China leads the world in the total length and number of highway bridges and tunnels in service and under construction. It has seven of the ten longest cable-stayed bridges, six of the ten longest suspension bridges, six of the ten longest cross-sea bridges, and eight of the ten highest bridges in the world.

　　交通装备技术取得重大突破。瞄准世界科技前沿发展“国之重器”，交通运输关键装备技术自主研发水平大幅提升。具有完全自主知识产权的“复兴号”中国标准动车组实现世界上首次时速420公里交会和重联运行，在京沪高铁、京津城际铁路、京张高铁实现世界最高时速350公里持续商业运营，智能型动车组首次实现时速350公里自动驾驶功能；时速600公里高速磁浮试验样车、具备跨国互联互通能力的时速400公里可变轨距高速动车组下线。盾构机等特种工程机械研发实现巨大突破，最大直径土压平衡盾构机、最大直径硬岩盾构机、最大直径泥水平衡盾构机等相继研制成功。节能与新能源汽车产业蓬勃发展，与国际先进水平基本保持同步。海工机械特种船舶、大型自动化专业化集装箱成套设备制造技术领先世界，300米饱和潜水取得创新性突破。C919大型客机成功首飞。支线客机ARJ21开始商业运营。快递分拣技术快速发展。远洋船舶、高速动车组、铁路大功率机车、海工机械等领跑全球，大型飞机、新一代智联网汽车等装备技术方兴未艾，成为中国制造业走向世界的“金名片”。

Major breakthroughs in transport equipment technology. Aiming to develop cutting-edge core technologies, China has substantially improved the level of its independent research in key transport equipment technology. China has set a world record by successfully testing its self-developed Fuxing EMU trains running at 420 km/h in intersection and coupled operations. The Fuxing EMUs have been running at 350 km/h – the highest operating speed in the world – on the Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Rail, the Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Rail and the Beijing-Zhangjiakou High-speed Rail. China became the first in the world to realize autopilot on trains running at a speed of 350 km/h. 600 km/h prototype maglev trains and high-speed free gauge trains running at a speed of 400 km/h that can change tracks and are capable of making international trips have rolled off the production line.

Major breakthroughs have been achieved in tunneling technology – earth pressure balance, hard rock, and slurry shield machines with the world’s largest operating diameters have been developed. The fuel-efficient and new energy vehicle industry is prospering, keeping abreast of the latest international advances. The manufacturing technologies for special marine engineering machinery vessels and complete sets of large automated and specialized container handling equipment rank top in the world. China has also made innovative breakthroughs in 300-meter saturation diving. The C919 large passenger aircraft has made its maiden flight. The ARJ21 regional jet is now in commercial service.

The sorting technology in express delivery is developing rapidly. China leads the world in building ocean-going vessels, high-speed EMU trains, high-power locomotives, and marine engineering machinery. Its burgeoning equipment technology in large aircraft and new-generation intelligent connected vehicles is on the way to becoming a major international calling card for China’s manufacturing.

　　智慧交通发展步伐加快。推进“互联网+”交通发展，推动现代信息技术与交通运输管理和服务全面融合，提升交通运输服务水平。充分运用5G通信、大数据、人工智能等新兴技术，交通运输基础设施和装备领域智能化不断取得突破。铁路、公路、水运、民航客运电子客票、联网售票日益普及，运输生产调度指挥信息化水平显著提升，截至2019年底，229个机场和主要航空公司实现“无纸化”出行。全面取消全国高速公路省界收费站，高速公路电子不停车收费系统（ETC）等新技术应用成效显著，截至2019年底，全国ETC客户累计超过2亿，全路网、全时段、全天候监测以及信息发布能力不断增强。北斗系统在交通运输全领域广泛应用，全国已有760万道路营运车辆、3.33万邮政快递干线车辆、1369艘部系统公务船舶、10863座水上助导航设施、109座沿海地基增强站、352架通用航空器应用北斗系统，并在3架运输航空器上应用北斗系统，京张高铁成为世界首条采用北斗卫星导航系统并实现自动驾驶等功能的智能高铁。智慧公路应用逐步深入，智慧港口、智能航运等技术广泛应用。智能投递设施遍布全国主要城市，自动化分拣覆盖主要快递企业骨干分拨中心。出台自动驾驶道路测试管理规范和封闭测试场地建设指南，颁布智能船舶规范，建立无人船海上测试场，推动无人机在快递等领域示范应用。

Expedited development of intelligent transport. China is developing transport featuring Internet Plus to fully integrate modern information technology with transport management and services. The country has applied emerging technologies such as 5G, big data, and artificial intelligence to transport infrastructure and equipment, and has made breakthroughs in research and development of intelligent transport. Electronic ticketing and online booking have become increasingly popular in railway, highway, waterway and civil aviation passenger services, the application of IT in transport management has significantly increased. By the end of 2019, 229 airports and major airlines have realized paperless travel.

China has removed all expressway toll booths at provincial borders across the country. Positive results have been achieved in the application of new technologies such as Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) on expressways. By the end of 2019, there were more than 200 million ETC users across the country. Round-the-clock, all-weather and full-coverage monitoring of the road network and information distribution are strengthening.

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) has been applied to 7.6 million vehicles on the road, 33,300 postal and express delivery trucks, 1,369 public service vessels, 10,863 maritime navigation facilities, 109 coastal ground-based augmentation stations, 352 general-purpose aircraft, and three transport aircraft. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou High-speed Rail featuring autopilot is the first in the world to use the BDS. Intelligent highway technologies are further promoted, and intelligent port and shipping technologies are widely used. Intelligent delivery outlets are found everywhere in all major cities, and automated sorting has been adopted by all major distribution centers of express delivery enterprises.

China has released administrative rules on road testing of self-driving vehicles, technical guidelines on the construction of enclosed testing fields for autopilot, and rules on intelligent ships. It has built a test area for unmanned cargo ships and piloted the use of drones in delivery services.

　　三、服务决战脱贫攻坚和决胜全面小康

III. A Key to Poverty Alleviation and Moderate Prosperity

　　全面奔小康，关键在农村；农村奔小康，交通要先行。中国将交通扶贫作为服务全面建成小康社会、推进农业农村现代化、人民共享改革发展成果的重要支撑，全力消除制约农村发展的交通瓶颈，为广大农民脱贫致富奔小康提供坚实保障。

Achieving moderate prosperity in China’s rural areas – the key for completion of this overall national task – hinges largely on the improvement of the transport network there. China is very conscious of the role of transport in poverty alleviation, and sees it as an important support to all-round moderate prosperity across the country, the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, and shared benefits from reform and development. Therefore, it makes every effort to remove the transport bottlenecks that hinder the development of rural areas, providing a solid foundation for rural people to escape from poverty and move to moderate prosperity.

　　（一）坚决打赢交通扶贫脱贫攻坚战

1. Winning the Battle Against Poverty Through Transport

　　把扶贫作为新时代交通运输发展的重要使命，完善扶贫规划政策体系，创新扶贫工作模式，做到“扶贫项目优先安排、扶贫资金优先保障、扶贫工作优先对接、扶贫措施优先落实”，以超常规的举措和力度，助力打赢脱贫攻坚战。

Poverty alleviation has been raised to the top of the agenda for transport in the new era. The transport authorities have improved the planning and policy system for poverty alleviation, created new work models, and prioritized the planning, funding, coordination and implementation of poverty alleviation-oriented transport projects and measures. Through these extraordinary steps and efforts, China is counting on transport to facilitate its campaign against poverty.

　　加强交通扶贫规划设计。完善交通扶贫顶层设计和政策体系，制定交通扶贫规划、实施方案、行动计划，实施《集中连片特困地区交通建设扶贫规划纲要（2011－2020）》《“十三五”交通扶贫规划》《关于进一步发挥交通扶贫脱贫攻坚基础支撑作用的实施意见》等规划和政策文件，将革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区1177个县（市、区）全部纳入支持范围。以深度贫困地区为重点，加快国家高速公路、普通国省道改造建设，打造“康庄大道路”“幸福小康路”“平安放心路”“特色致富路”，推动交通建设项目尽量向进村入户倾斜。、

Better planning for transport projects to alleviate poverty. China has improved the top-level design and policy framework of poverty alleviation-oriented transport projects. It has devised strategies, implementation programs, and action plans in this regard, including the Outline of Poverty Alleviation-Oriented Transport Projects in Contiguous Poverty-Stricken Areas (2011-2020), the Plan for Transport-Driven Poverty Alleviation During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period (2016-2020), the Opinions on the Implementation of the Plan to Further Leverage Transport to Support Poverty Alleviation, involving 1,177 counties, cities and districts in old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, border areas, and poor areas.

Taking severely impoverished areas as the priority, China has moved faster to upgrade national expressways and national and provincial highways, and prioritized transport projects that provide villages and households with better access to roads. It has worked to renovate and expand trunk and rural roads, improve the quality, safety and environment of transport infrastructure, and leverage local resources through transport.

　　创新精准交通脱贫模式。加强统筹设计，建立健全五年规划、三年行动计划、年度计划相互衔接的规划计划体系，分省细化年度计划，建立台账，压茬推进。加大“扶志”“扶智”工作力度，做好对贫困地区干部群众的宣传、教育、培训、科技推广，动员鼓励贫困群众参与农村公路建设，吸纳贫困家庭劳动力参与护路等工作。

Breaking new ground in targeted transport-driven poverty elimination. China has intensified coordinated planning in this field by formulating and improving a system in which a five-year plan, a three-year action plan and annual plans operate as a unit. Detailed annual programs are made at the provincial level to ensure the plans are carried out in alignment. China has increased its effort to help impoverished people access education and build aspirations. In addition to providing them with useful information, knowledge, skills training and technologies, it has also encouraged them to find work on rural road construction projects, and employed workers from poverty-stricken households to carry out road maintenance.

　　持续加大交通扶贫资金投入。大幅提高贫困地区交通建设中央投资补助标准，2012年至2020年安排贫困地区公路建设的车购税资金超过1.46万亿元，占同期全国公路建设车购税资金的61.3%，带动全社会投入超过5.13万亿元。国家高速公路、普通国道补助标准分别由“十二五”时期平均占项目总投资的15%、30%，提高到“十三五”时期的30%、50%左右。乡镇、建制村通硬化路补助标准提高到平均工程造价的70%以上。通过优化中央预算内投资、车购税等资金支出结构，统筹加大各级各类资金倾斜力度，确保政策落地、资金到位、项目实施。

Increasing investment in poverty alleviation-oriented transport projects. The state has steadily increased the central government subsidy as a proportion of transport project investment for impoverished areas. From 2012 to 2020, over RMB1.46 trillion, or 61.3 percent of total road construction funds from vehicle purchase tax, was directed to poor areas, which mobilized another RMB5.13 trillion of social investment. The average contribution from vehicle purchase tax to national expressway projects rose from 15 percent during the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015) to 30 percent during the 13th Five-year Plan period (2016-2020), and the increase in national highways was from 30 percent to 50 percent. Government subsidies from vehicle purchase tax to asphalt and concrete road projects for towns, townships and administrative villages rose to an average of 70 percent or more of project costs. By optimizing the disposition of central budget investment, vehicle purchase tax, and other funds, China has lent more financial support to ensure the implementation of these policies and projects.

　　重点攻克深度贫困堡垒。全面建成小康社会最艰巨最繁重的任务在农村，特别是深度贫困地区。发挥交通在脱贫攻坚中的基础性、先导性作用，为深度贫困地区脱贫摘帽当好先行、做好支撑。加大对深度贫困地区支持力度，新增资金、新增项目、新增举措进一步向“三区三州”等深度贫困地区倾斜。2016年至2020年，安排车购税资金2746亿元支持“三区三州”交通项目建设，其中农村公路资金781亿元。

Focusing on severely impoverished areas. The most arduous tasks in achieving moderate prosperity throughout the country are in the rural areas, especially in severely impoverished areas. Therefore, China has underlined the primary role of transport in poverty elimination, and increased support to these locations, giving preference to the “three areas and three prefectures”[ The “three areas and three prefectures” are national-level severely impoverished areas, with harsh natural and economic conditions. The “three areas” refer to the Tibet Autonomous Region, prefectures and counties with large Tibetan populations in Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan provinces, and the Hotan, Aksu, Kashgar prefectures and the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in southern Xinjiang. The “three prefectures” refer to the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, and the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu Province.] when allocating new funds, planning new projects and formulating new measures. From 2016 to 2020, China spent RMB274.6 billion from vehicle purchase tax on transport projects in the “three areas and three prefectures”, including RMB78.1 billion on rural road projects.

　　（二）“四好农村路”建设推动贫困地区交通高质量发展

2. Promoting High-Quality Transport in Poor Areas

　　道路通，百业兴。以建好、管好、护好、运营好农村公路（简称“四好农村路”）为牵引，积极推进贫困地区建设外通内联、通村畅乡、客车到村、安全便捷的交通运输网络，大力提升城乡客货运输服务水平，贫困地区交通落后面貌发生根本改变。

Good roads are key to prosperity in all sectors. Aiming to build high-quality rural roads that are properly built, operated, managed, and maintained, China has created a safe and easily accessible transport network that links villages, towns and townships in impoverished areas and connects them with other parts of the country. It has improved passenger and freight transport services in urban and rural areas, and expanded bus services to more villages. The backward nature of transport in poor areas has gone through a complete transformation.

　　贫困地区综合交通网络加快形成。缺少足够的交通基础设施是贫困地区面临的最大挑战之一。2016年至2019年，国家支持贫困地区改造建设了国家高速公路1.7万公里、普通国道5.3万公里，建成内河航道约2365公里。贫困地区县城基本实现了二级及以上公路覆盖，许多贫困县通了高速公路，不少地方还通了铁路、建了机场，干支衔接的高等级内河航道网络不断完善。贫困地区综合交通运输网络加快形成，曾经“山里山外两重天”的局面彻底改变。

Establishing a comprehensive transport network in poor areas. Inadequate transport infrastructure is one of the most formidable challenges confronting poverty-stricken areas. To resolve this challenge, the state subsidized the upgrading of 17,000 km of national expressways and 53,000 km of national highways, and the building of 2,365 km of inland waterways from 2016 to 2019. By now, almost all county seats in poor areas have access to highways of Grade II or above, with many of the counties having expressways, and some having railways or even airports. A high-grade inland waterway network linking trunk rivers and tributaries continues to improve. Through such efforts, a comprehensive transport network is taking shape in poor areas rapidly, and the gap between in and outside of these areas is shrinking.

　　“四好农村路”建设成效显著。以200个“四好农村路”全国示范县为引领，推动农村公路高质量发展。落实农村公路建设“七公开”制度，强化贫困地区交通建设管理和质量控制，优化农村公路路网结构，大力推进“路长制”，健全“四好农村路”建设长效机制。完善和落实省、市、县、乡镇、村五级责任，清晰界定工作职责，结合事业单位和乡镇机构改革，完善县乡农村公路管理体制。推动农村公路“满意工程”建设，推广建养一体化等建设养护模式。结合美丽乡村建设开展路域环境整治。统筹城乡客运资源，创新农村客运发展模式，整合交通、邮政、供销、电商等资源，推进了贫困地区农村物流发展。“四好农村路”建设取得了实实在在的成效，为农村特别是贫困地区带去了人气、财气。

Achieving notable results in building high-quality rural roads. Two hundred pilot counties have led the development of high-quality rural roads that are properly built, operated, managed, and maintained. China has strengthened regulation and exercised strict quality control of rural road projects, making seven key pieces of information available to the public: construction plans, subsidy policies, tendering, construction management, quality supervision, fund management, and project delivery and review. The country has improved the configuration of the rural road network, promoted the road chief system nationwide, and enhanced the long-term mechanism for building high-quality rural roads. A five-tiered accountability system has been implemented, clearly defining responsibilities for road management at provincial, city, county, township, and village levels. In the process of reforming public institutions and township government institutions, the rural road management system in counties and towns has also been improved. The transport departments have strived to increase public satisfaction with rural roads, and promoted the practice of packaging road maintenance contracts with construction projects. The beautiful countryside program has served to improve the environment along rural roads. Passenger transport resources in urban and rural areas are being coordinated, and new modes of passenger transport are being explored in rural areas. The resources of transport departments, postal agencies, supply and marketing cooperatives, and e-commerce companies have been integrated to improve logistics in poor rural areas. These measures have achieved solid results, bringing business and funds to rural areas, especially those suffering from poverty.

　　“出行难”得到有效解决。农村公路建设实现跨越式发展，“晴天一身土，雨天一身泥”成为历史。截至2019年底，全国实现了具备条件的乡镇和建制村100%通硬化路；截至2020年9月，实现了具备条件的乡镇和建制村100%通客车。城乡道路客运一体化发展水平持续提升，以县城为中心、乡镇为节点、建制村为网点的交通网络初步形成，乡村之间、城乡之间连接更加紧密，6亿农民“出门水泥路，抬脚上客车”的梦想变成了现实。

Making travel easier and more convenient. Due to the significant improvement in rural roads, the days in which travelers had to trudge through dust and mud on dirt roads are gone. All towns, townships and administrative villages with feasible conditions had been connected to asphalt and concrete roads by the end of 2019, and to bus services by September 2020. Integrated road passenger transport in urban and rural areas has made progress. A passenger transport network with county seats as centers, towns and townships as junctions, and administrative villages as points has taken shape. China’s 600 million rural people now enjoy easy and convenient access to better roads and bus services between villages and between urban and rural areas.

　　（三）交通助推广大农民脱贫致富奔小康

3. Helping Farmers Improve Their Lives Through Transport

　　交通运输的快速发展，破解了长期以来制约贫困地区经济社会发展的瓶颈，为广大农民脱贫致富奔小康、加快推进农业农村现代化提供了有力支撑，为谱写新时代乡村振兴新篇章奠定了坚实基础。

Better transport has cleared the bottlenecks that delayed economic and social development in poor areas, supporting farmers’ efforts to rise out of poverty and achieve moderate prosperity, reinforcing China’s endeavors to modernize agriculture and rural areas, and laying a solid foundation for rural revitalization in the new era.

　　农村公路助力广大农民奔小康。农村公路发展，重点在“建”，目标在“通”。2012年至2019年，中国新改建农村公路208.6万公里（其中贫困地区约110万公里），农村公路总里程达到420.1万公里，贫困地区新增5.1万个建制村通硬化路。2016年至2019年，贫困地区建设约9.6万公里通较大人口规模自然村的硬化路，建设45.8万公里农村公路安全生命防护工程，农村公路运行安全条件全面改善。出台《农村公路建设管理办法》《农村公路建设质量管理办法》《农村公路养护管理办法》，加快推进相关技术标准和规范制修订工作。出台《关于深化农村公路管理养护体制改革的意见》及相关配套制度，推进农村公路管理养护体制改革，建立健全农村公路管理养护长效机制。2012年至2019年，通行客车的建制村新增5.4万个。加快建设县乡村三级农村物流节点体系建设，推进农村物流发展，2019年农村地区收投快件超150亿件，工业品下乡、农产品出村、快递服务入户等运输服务能力不断提升。

Smoothing farmers’ path to moderate prosperity through rural roads. To achieve the goal of greater connectivity, from 2012 to 2019 China built or upgraded 2.09 million km of rural roads, including about 1.1 million km in poor areas, bringing the total length of rural roads to 4.2 million km, and connecting another 51,000 administrative villages in poor areas with asphalt and concrete roads. From 2016 to 2019, China built 96,000 km of asphalt and concrete roads in poor areas to reach natural villages with relatively large populations, and implemented a safety program on 458,000 km of rural roads, effectively preventing and reducing accidents.  The transport authorities have issued Administrative Measures for Rural Road Construction, Administrative Measures for Rural Road Quality, and Administrative Measures for Rural Road Maintenance, and formulated or modified relevant technical standards and specifications. The government issued the Opinions on Furthering Institutional Reform of Rural Road Management and Maintenance and put in place other auxiliary mechanisms to ensure long-term results in this field. From 2012 to 2019, the number of administrative villages with access to bus services increased by 54,000. To develop logistics in rural areas, China has stepped up the construction of a three-tiered rural logistics network at county, township and village levels, which collected and delivered more than 15 billion parcels in 2019. Logistics companies are now able to offer better delivery services between urban and rural areas by transporting industrial products to the countryside and agricultural products to cities, and providing delivery services to the door.

　　铁路扶贫助力全面小康。持续提升贫困地区铁路网覆盖通达水平，加快连接贫困地区铁路规划建设，完善贫困地区铁路网络。截至2019年底，国家向14个集中连片特困地区、革命老区、少数民族地区、边疆地区累计投入3.3万亿元，占铁路基建总投资的78%。新投产铁路覆盖了274个国家级贫困县，助力融入“高铁经济圈”。运用大数据分析，优化贫困地区旅客列车开行方案，2019年日均开行途经贫困地区的旅客列车2328列,开行旅游扶贫专列594列，带动了沿线旅游、商贸、餐饮等产业发展和消费升级。精准开行农产品“点对点”运输专列、集装箱快运班列和高铁快运等，2018年以来累计运送贫困地区货物17.1亿吨。

Facilitating poverty alleviation through railways. China has accelerated the implementation of railway construction plans, and increased railway coverage to give poor areas better access to the rail network. By the end of 2019, RMB3.3 trillion, or 78 percent of total investment in railway infrastructure, has gone into railway projects in the 14 contiguous poverty-stricken areas, old revolutionary base areas, areas with large ethnic minority populations, and border areas. The new railways connect 274 national poor counties, integrating them into a larger “high-speed rail economic circle”. Big data analysis is employed to optimize passenger train schedules for poor areas. In 2019, an average of 2,328 passenger trains ran every day with stops in poor areas, and 594 special tourist trains were arranged to poor areas, which promoted tourism, retail and catering businesses and helped stimulate consumption in areas along the lines. To transport agricultural products from poor areas, railway transport services effectively scheduled freight trains such as point-to-point trains, express container trains and high-speed express trains, which have transported 1.71 billion tonnes of freight since 2018.

　　“交通+”产业发展成效显著。积极推动“交通+‘旅游’‘产业’‘扶贫’”等发展新模式，推动贫困地区交通与产业深度融合。2012年至2019年，贫困地区新改建资源路、旅游路、产业路约5.9万公里。大力推进“交通+快递”扶贫工程，整合交通运输、供销、商贸、电商、邮政快递等资源，开展无人机物流配送应用试点，2018年全国邮政企业累计实现农村电商交易额1.4万亿元。“交通+特色农业+电商”“交通+文化+旅游”“交通+就业+公益岗”等扶贫模式不断创新发展。特色产业因路而起、因路而兴，为广大农民打开一扇脱贫致富的大门。

Delivering tangible benefits by advancing Transport Plus initiatives. China encourages new business models such as Transport Plus Tourism, Transport Plus Business, and Transport Plus Poverty Alleviation,and promotes the extensive integration of transport and business in poverty-stricken areas. From 2012 to 2019, China built or upgraded 59,000 km of roads serving resource transport, tourism and business development in poor areas. The Transport Plus Express Delivery poverty alleviation projects integrate resources from different sectors, including transport, supply and marketing cooperatives, retail and e-commerce, and postal services. Drones have been tested to deliver parcels in rural areas. In 2018, China’s postal service companies completed a total of rural e-commerce transactions worth RMB1.4 trillion. Other new models, such as Transport Plus Agriculture Plus E-commerce,Transport Plus Culture Plus Tourism, Transport Plus Employment Plus Public Welfare, have also played their part in poverty alleviation. Distinctive local businesses have emerged and flourished along with the newly built roads, creating a path to wealth for rural people.

　　农村交通有力促进美丽乡村建设。将农村公路建设作为社会主义新农村“村容整洁”和“乡风文明”建设的重要切入点，同步开展公路沿线绿化以及沿途村镇的美化建设，将农村公路打造成一道道靓丽的乡村风景线。农村公路的畅达，带动了农村人居环境同步改善和教育、医疗、文化等公共服务水平同步提升，推动了城乡经济一体化加快发展，广大农村因路而富、因路而美。

Reinforcing China’s efforts to build a beautiful countryside through rural transport. Transport departments have actively participated in the socialist new countryside program, and used rural road construction to expand the effort to maintain a clean environment and foster social etiquette and civility in the countryside. Trees have been planted and village profiles enhanced along the roads, turning rural roads into an attractive element of local scenery. Interconnected roads help improve people’s lives and environment in rural areas, enhance public services such as education, health care, and culture, and promote integrated urban-rural development. Following the rapid expansion of rural roads, the vast countryside is finding greater prosperity and becoming more attractive.

　　四、推进交通治理现代化

IV. Modernization of Transport Governance

　　中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，交通运输体量庞大、情况复杂且处于快速发展当中，交通治理难度大。中国立足本国国情，借鉴国际经验，大力推进交通治理现代化，通过改革创新释放技术和市场活力、提升治理效能，促进了交通高质量发展。

China is the largest developing country in the world. The complexity and rapid development of its sizable transport sector have created difficulties in managing the industry. Based on national conditions and drawing on international experience, China has devoted serious effort to modernizing its transport governance. Through reform and innovation, the country has unleashed the vitality of technology and market, increased efficiency and facilitated the high-quality development of the industry.

　　（一）推进交通治理体系改革

1. Reforming the Transport Governance System

　　立足当前、着眼长远，积极推进综合交通体制机制改革，不断完善法律法规，统一开放、竞争有序的交通运输市场基本形成，适应新时代国家发展的交通运输治理体系逐步健全。

Basing itself on the present while focusing on long-term development, China has reformed its comprehensive transport management and improved related laws and regulations. At present, a unified, open, competitive and orderly transport market is in place, and a transport governance system that meets the needs of the country’s development in the new era has been steadily improved.

　　综合交通运输管理体制机制不断完善。以深化供给侧结构性改革为主线，以提升行业治理能力为重点，持续深化交通运输体制机制改革。2013年形成由交通运输部管理国家铁路局、中国民用航空局、国家邮政局的大部门管理体制架构，交通运输大部门制主体组织架构基本建立。深入推进中国铁路总公司、中国邮政集团公司的公司制改革工作，两家公司分别更名为中国国家铁路集团有限公司、中国邮政集团有限公司，建立健全现代法人治理结构和中国特色现代国有企业制度。省级综合交通运输体制改革加快推进，大部分省份基本建立综合交通运输管理体制或运行协调机制。组建国家铁路局、中国国家铁路集团有限公司，实现铁路政企分开。民航体制机制改革持续深化，机场公安体制、运输价格、民航业投资准入机制、空管系统体制机制等改革有序推进。邮政体制改革有序推进，邮政改革配套措施不断完善。交通运输综合行政执法改革稳步推进，整合执法队伍，理顺职能配置，减少执法层级，权责统一、权威高效、监管有力、服务优质的交通运输综合行政执法体制逐步形成。综合交通运输发展规划协调机制初步建立，铁路、公路、水运、民航、邮政等专项规划之间的衔接平衡不断加强。通过改革，综合交通运输发展的体制机制进一步优化，各种运输方式进一步融合，交通运输发展内生动力进一步增强，行业现代化治理水平进一步提升。

Upgrading comprehensive management. With the focus on advancing supply-side structural reform and improving transport governance, China has furthered reform of the management institutions and mechanisms. As part of the “large government departments” reform in 2013 to optimize administrative functions, a basic institutional framework was formed under the Ministry of Transport, which brought the National Railway Administration, Civil Aviation Administration of China and State Post Bureau under its management. The country has advanced corporate reform of the China Railway Corporation and the China Post Group Corporation. The two companies, restructured into China State Railway Group Co., Ltd and China Post Group Co., Ltd, have established a modern corporate governance structure and a modern state-owned enterprise system with Chinese characteristics. Reform has been accelerated at the provincial level, and most provinces have begun to put in place comprehensive transport management institutions or operational coordination mechanisms.

As National Railway Administration and China State Railway Group Co., Ltd were set up, separation of government administration from the management of enterprises was achieved in the railway sector. Reform of the civil aviation institutions and mechanisms for airport public security, pricing, investment access, and air traffic control is proceeding in a well-planned manner. Reform of the postal service has been proceeding steadily, with improved supporting measures for postal reform.

China has steadily promoted reform of administrative law enforcement by reorganizing and streamlining law enforcement teams and their functions. A comprehensive administrative law enforcement system that is authoritative and efficient, balances powers with responsibilities, and features effective regulation and high-quality service is now in place. The country has established a basic mechanism for comprehensive transport planning and coordination, which helps the connection and balanced development of railways, highways, waterways, civil aviation and postal services.

Thanks to these reforms, China has further modernized its capacity for transport governance by optimizing the institutions and mechanisms for comprehensive development, integrating different modes of transport, and boosting driving forces from within the industry.

　　交通运输法治政府部门建设持续深化。贯彻落实习近平法治思想，以“法治政府部门”建设工程为载体，把法治贯穿交通运输规划、建设、运营、管理和安全生产全过程各方面，为加快建设交通强国提供坚实保障。依法行政制度基本确立，行业立法、执法监督、行政复议与应诉、法治宣传教育和普法等工作机制逐步健全。加快推进铁路、公路、水运、民航、邮政等行业立法，综合交通运输法规体系已基本建成。聚焦国家重大战略实施和行业发展改革领域，制定和修订铁路法、公路法、海上交通安全法、港口法、航道法、民用航空法、邮政法等行业龙头法。出台和制修订水上水下活动通航安全管理规定、交通运输标准化管理办法等行业急需的规章，稳步开展规章规范性文件清理。

Developing law-based government departments for transport. Implementing the Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law in developing law-based government departments, China has exercised the rule of law in all aspects of transport, including planning, construction, operation, management and workplace safety, providing a solid guarantee for building China’s strength in transport. A system for law-based government administration has taken shape, and the working mechanisms for legislation, supervision over law enforcement, administrative review and response to lawsuits, and public education on the law and the rule of law have gradually improved. The government has stepped up the pace to introduce legislation on railways, highways, waterways, civil aviation and postal services, and as a result a broad framework of laws and regulations is now in place. Focusing on major national strategies and areas relevant to the industry, China has formulated and revised key laws and regulations on railways, highways, maritime traffic safety, ports, waterways, civil aviation, and postal services. China has also promulgated and revised urgently needed provisions and measures for ensuring safe navigation when overwater and underwater activities take place, and for standardization in the transport industry, and has progressively overhauled normative documents.

　　深化“放管服”改革优化营商环境。坚持问题导向，加快转变政府职能，深化“放管服”改革，持续优化营商环境。逐步放宽市场准入门槛，持续清理交通运输领域各类不合理和非必要罚款及检查，建立涉企收费目录清单制度。深入落实交通运输领域各项减税降费政策，降低物流税费成本。强化事中事后监管，取消中介服务等行政审批事项，推进商事制度改革。推行“双随机、一公开”监管工作，运用大数据、云计算、物联网等信息技术，推动跨省大件运输等并联许可系统全国联网。加快构建以信用为核心的新型市场监管机制。推进新业态协同监管，线上线下一体化监管模式进一步创新，市场环境更加公平有序。优化行政审批服务方式，推广交通运输政务服务“一网通办”，企业群众办事“只进一扇门”“最多跑一次”服务，办事效率显著提升。交通运输“放管服”改革，推动了优化营商环境向纵深发展，激发了交通发展活力，提高了政府服务效能，促进了交通运输行业健康发展。

Advancing reforms to improve the business environment. China has remained problem-oriented, accelerated the transformation of government functions, furthered reforms to streamline administration, delegate power, improve regulation and upgrade services, and continued to improve the business environment. It has gradually relaxed restrictions on market access in the transport sector, removed unreasonable and unnecessary fines and inspections, and established catalogues of fees charged to enterprises. Tax and fee reduction policies have been implemented to lower logistics costs. The government has strengthened in-process and follow-up oversight, cleared intermediary services from the list of items of administrative examination and approval, and furthered reform in the business sector. Oversight conducted through the random selection of both inspectors and inspection targets and the prompt release of results has been implemented. China has made use of information technologies such as big data, cloud computing and internet of things to promote the nationwide parallel licensing system for inter-provincial heavy cargo. It has also accelerated the establishment of a new market supervision mechanism based on credit, coordinated the regulation of new business forms, and created innovative and integrated online and offline regulation models to make the market environment fairer and more orderly. China has improved administrative approval services regarding transport, and enabled access to government services via a single website to make it easier for people to get their problems solved by one single department and with one-stop service, thus significantly improving the efficiency of public services. Reforms designed to streamline administration, delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services have optimized the business environment, stimulated the vitality of the transport sector, raised the efficiency of government services, and promoted the healthy development of the industry.

　　（二）推进交通运输绿色发展

2. Pursuing Green Development

　　树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，交通运输生态文明制度体系日益完善，节能降碳取得实效，环境友好程度不断增加。

Acting on the understanding that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets, China has improved the system for promoting eco-civilization in the transport sector, achieved real results in energy conservation and carbon reduction, and increased environmental friendliness.

　　全面推进节能减排和低碳发展。坚定不移推进节能减排，努力建设低碳交通，走出一条能耗排放做“减法”、经济发展做“加法”的新路子。严格实施能源消费总量和强度双控制度，着力提升交通运输综合效能，全国铁路电气化比例达到71.9%，新能源公交车超过40万辆，新能源货车超过43万辆，天然气运营车辆超过18万辆，液化天然气（LNG）动力船舶建成290余艘，机场新能源车辆设备占比约14%，飞机辅助动力装置（APU）替代设施全面使用，邮政快递车辆中新能源和清洁能源车辆的保有量及在重点区域的使用比例稳步提升。全国942处高速公路服务区（停车区）内建成运营充电桩超过7400个，港口岸电设施建成5800多套，覆盖泊位7200余个，沿江沿海主要港口集装箱码头全面完成“油改电”。绿色交通省（城市）、绿色公路、绿色港口等示范工程，年节能量超过63万吨标准煤。通过中央车购税资金，支持建设综合客运枢纽、货运枢纽、疏港铁路，统筹推进公铁联运、海铁联运等多式联运发展，推进运输结构调整。

Comprehensive energy conservation, emissions reduction and low-carbon development. China has worked hard to conserve energy, reduce emissions, and develop low-carbon transport to boost economic development. It has strictly implemented a system that controls both the total amount and intensity of energy consumption to improve the overall efficiency of transport. The national railway electrification rate has reached 71.9 percent. There are now more than 400,000 buses and 430,000 trucks using new energy, 180,000 natural gas vehicles, and 290 liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships. About 14 percent of airport vehicles and facilities are run on new energy sources, substitute facilities for aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs) are in full use, and the numbers of postal vehicles run on new and clean energy and those that are in service in key regions are steadily increasing. More than 7,400 charging piles have been built and operated in 942 expressway service areas across the country, more than 5,800 sets of shore power facilities have been built at ports, covering over 7,200 berths, and container terminals at major ports along the Yangtze and coastlines have switched from oil to electricity for power. The annual energy saved by green transport provinces and cities, green highways, green ports and other demonstration projects has exceeded 630,000 tonnes of coal equivalent. The central government has used vehicle purchase tax funds to support the construction of comprehensive passenger terminals, freight hubs, and port railways, and coordinated the development of road-rail, sea-rail and other multimodal forms to restructure the transport network.

　　强化资源集约节约利用。牢固树立为国家长远发展负责、为子孙后代负责的理念，着力推动交通资源利用方式由粗放型向集约型、节约型转变。结合国土空间规划编制和三条控制线划定落实，统筹铁路、公路、水运、民航、邮政等交通运输各领域融合发展，推动铁路、公路、水路、空域等通道资源集约利用，提高线位资源利用效率。因地制宜采用低路基、以桥（隧）代路等，加强公路、铁路沿线土地资源保护和综合利用，减少对周边环境的影响。加强航道建设的生态保护和绿色建养，推进航道疏浚土综合利用，严格港口岸线使用审批管理与监督，提高岸线使用效率，探索建立岸线资源有偿使用制度。推动废旧路面、沥青、废旧轮胎、建筑废料等材料资源化利用。高度重视和推进快递包装的绿色化、减量化、可循环，大力推进可循环中转袋全面替代一次性塑料编织袋，电子面单使用率达98%。

Strengthening the intensive and economical use of resources. In taking responsibility for the country’s long-term development and for future generations, the Chinese government is endeavoring to transform the extensive use of transport resources to an approach that is intensive and economical. By implementing national planning for land use, drawing red lines to protect ecosystems and permanent basic cropland, and to restrict unlimited urban development, China has promoted the integrated intensive and efficient use of railways, highways, waterways, civil aviation, postal services and associated resources along these passages of transport. China has strengthened the protection and comprehensive utilization of land resources along highways and railways and reduced the impact on the surrounding environment by building low embankments or building bridges and tunnels instead of roads. It has reinforced eco-environmental protection and green development and maintenance of waterways, promoted the beneficial use of dredged sediments from waterways, strengthened the administration, supervision and efficient use of port shorelines, and explored systems for paid use of shoreline resources. China has promoted the recycling of waste pavement, asphalt, used tires, construction scrap and other materials. It has also attached great importance to the green treatment, reduction and recycling of delivery packaging, and promoted the replacement of disposable plastic woven bags with recyclable transit packaging, with the utilization rate of electronic waybills reaching 98 percent.

　　强化大气与水污染防治。坚决打好交通运输领域污染防治攻坚战，用最严格的制度、最严密的法治治理环境污染。在沿海和长江干线等水域设立船舶大气污染物排放控制区，按照国际公约要求对进入中国水域的国际航行船舶实施船用燃油硫含量限制措施，推动船舶使用清洁能源和加装尾气污染治理装备，建立船用低硫燃油供应保障和联合监管机制。执行船舶水污染物排放控制国家强制性标准，推动港口船舶含油污水、化学品洗舱水、生活污水和垃圾等接收处置设施建设，开展港口粉尘污染控制。在全国沿海实施“碧海行动”计划，打捞存在污染环境风险和影响海上交通运输安全的沉船沉物。加快老旧和高能耗、高排放营运车辆、施工机械治理和淘汰更新，推进实施机动车排放检测与强制维护制度（I/M制度）。中央财政采取“以奖代补”方式支持京津冀及周边地区、汾渭平原淘汰国Ⅲ及以下排放标准营运柴油货车。全面开展运输结构调整三年行动，2012年至2019年全国机动车污染物排放量下降65.2%。

Strengthening the prevention and control of atmospheric and water pollution. China uses the strictest systems and laws to control environmental pollution from transport. It has set up the Domestic Emission Control Areas (DECAs) for Atmospheric Pollution from Vessels along coastlines and the main streams of the Yangtze and other major rivers, and implemented measures to limit the sulfur content of fuel oil used by international vessels entering Chinese waters in accordance with international conventions. It has promoted the use of clean energy and installation of exhaust gas cleaning equipment on vessels, and established a mechanism for ensuring the supply and joint supervision of low-sulfur fuel oil. The country has implemented the national mandatory standards for water pollutant discharge from vessels, built receiving and treatment facilities for oily wastewater, chemical tank-cleaning wastewater, sanitary sewage and garbage from vessels in ports, and carried out dust pollution control at ports. It has implemented the Blue Sea Action[ The Blue Sea Action is a public welfare program approved by the State Council as a major measure to promote eco-civilization and related national strategies, and to build green and safe transport. Since 2014, the transport rescue and salvage departments have carried out the action plan for six consecutive years, salvaging a total of 79 sunken ships.] plan along the coast to salvage sunken ships and objects that are at risk of polluting the oceans and affecting the safety of maritime transport. China has also accelerated the management, phase-out and renewal of old and high-energy consuming, high-emission vehicles and construction machinery, and introduced an emission inspection and mandatory maintenance program for motor vehicles. By replacing subsidies with incentives, the central government has helped the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and its surrounding areas, and the Fenhe-Weihe River Plain, to phase out commercial diesel trucks at or below China III emission standards. A three-year action plan to readjust the transport structure has been carried out across the country. From 2012 to 2019, motor vehicle pollutant emissions decreased by 65.2 percent nationwide.

　　加大生态保护与修复力度。严守生态保护红线，严格落实生态保护和修复制度。交通基础设施建设全面实行“避让—保护—修复”模式，推进生态选线选址，强化生态环保设计，避让耕地、林地、湿地等具有重要生态功能的国土空间。在铁路、公路、航道沿江沿线开展绿化行动，提升生态功能和景观品质。铁路、公路建设工程注重动物通道建设，青藏铁路建设的动物通道有效保障了藏羚羊的顺利迁徙及其他高原动物的自由活动。港口码头建设和航道整治注重减少对水生态和水生生物的影响，建设过鱼通道，促进鱼类洄游。组织实施公路港口生态修复总面积超过5000万平方米。推进长江非法码头、非法采砂整治，截至2019年底，完成1361座非法码头整改，改善了生态环境条件，更好保障了长江防洪、供水和航运安全。

Intensifying eco-environmental protection and restoration. China has strictly enforced the red lines for protecting the ecosystems and has put in place a system for protecting and restoring ecosystems. In building transport infrastructure, it has adopted a model of “avoidance, protection and restoration”, and promoted eco-friendly route planning and site selection and design. Particular efforts have been made to avoid farmland, forestland, wetland and other types of territorial space with key eco-environmental functions. China has carried out afforestation programs along railways, highways and waterways to improve eco-environmental functions and landscape quality. In railway and highway construction projects it makes provision for wildlife corridors. The wildlife corridors built on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have guaranteed the safe migration of Tibetan antelopes and the movement of other plateau animals. In the construction of ports and the renovation of waterways, China has focused on reducing impacts on aquatic ecology and life, building fishways and facilitating fish migration. It has implemented more than 50 million square meters of eco-environmental restoration along highways and ports. The country has also addressed the problems of illegal docks and sand mining along the Yangtze River. By the end of 2019, it had closed or rectified 1,361 illegal docks, improving the eco-environment and ensuring flood control, water supply and navigational safety along the river.

　　（三）加强安全防控和应急保障能力建设

3. Strengthening Safety Management and Emergency Response

　　坚持人民至上、生命至上，不断提升交通运输业应对突发公共事件的能力，特别是突发重大公共卫生事件的能力，加强安全治理和应急保障能力建设，统筹发展和安全，全力推进建设更高水平平安交通，为经济社会发展和群众出行提供安全运输保障。

Upholding the sanctity of human life, China has improved the capacity of the transport industry to deal with public emergencies and in particular major public health emergencies, strengthened safety management and emergency response, and coordinated development and safety, so as to provide safe transport to the public and support economic and social development.

　　交通安全防控能力显著提升。坚持预防为主、综合施策，深化和完善交通运输平安体系，持续完善安全生产风险管控和隐患排查治理双重预防控制机制，下大力气减少重特大交通运输安全事故，牢牢守住交通安全生产底线。2012年以来，未发生重大铁路交通事故，2019年铁路运输事故死亡人数和10亿吨公里死亡率与2012年相比分别下降46.1%和53.8%。普通公路较大、重特大道路交通事故起数连续下降，发生较大以上等级事故和死亡人数与2012年相比分别下降55.9%和60%。2019年，未发生重大等级水上交通事故，较大等级以上事故和死亡人数与2012年相比分别下降68.5%和69.4%。民航实现运输航空持续安全飞行112个月、8068万小时的安全新纪录。

Traffic safety management has significantly improved. Putting prevention first and adopting a comprehensive approach, China has further enhanced the system for ensuring safe transport, and improved the mechanism for controlling workplace risks and removing hidden dangers, with the goal of preventing serious and major traffic accidents and ensuring workplace safety. No major railway accidents have occurred since 2012. In 2019, railway accident fatalities had dropped by 46.1 percent compared with 2012, the death rate per billion tonne-km by 53.8 percent; the number of serious and major traffic accidents on ordinary roads had lowered by 55.9 percent, and the number of fatalities by 60 percent. In water traffic, there were no serious accidents in 2019, and the number of serious accidents and deaths both decreased by 68.5 percent and 69.4 percent respectively compared with 2012. Civil aviation has achieved a new safety record of almost 81 million hours of continuous safe flight in 112 months.

　　交通应急保障能力显著提升。加强交通应急保障能力建设，及时防范化解交通重大安全风险，有效应对处置各类灾害事故。实施高铁安全防护工程，推进人防、物防、技防“三位一体”安全保障体系建设，集中开展高铁沿线环境综合整治，消除高铁沿线环境安全隐患6.4万处，深入推进普速铁路安全环境整治。实施乡道及以上公路安全保障工程和安全生命防护工程，累计实施88.9万公里，改造危桥4.7万座，车辆运输车治理取得决定性成效。加强海上搜救和重大海上溢油应急处置，建立政府领导、统一指挥、属地为主、专群结合、就近就便、快速高效的海上搜救工作格局，配备70余艘专业救助船舶、120多艘打捞船舶、20余架专业救助航空器，建立20余支应急救助队，基本建成以专业救捞力量、军队和国家公务力量、社会力量等为主要力量的海上搜救队伍。2012年至2019年，全国组织协调海上搜救行动1.6万次，派出搜救船舶7.2万艘次、飞机2780架次，成功救助遇险船舶1.1万艘、遇险人员12.2万人，搜救成功率达96.2%。

Emergency response has markedly improved. China has strengthened emergency response capacity, prevented and defused major safety risks in a timely manner, and effectively responded to disasters and accidents of all kinds. It has carried out projects to secure safety of high-speed railways, built a security system combining manpower, equipment and technology, and improved the security conditions along high-speed railway lines, removing 64,000 potential risks from the routes. Efforts have also been made to improve the safety of standard rail lines. The country has carried out safety and security projects covering 889,000 km of roads at or above the township level, renovated 47,000 unsafe bridges, and effectively disciplined the operation of transport vehicles. China has strengthened maritime rescue and reinforced emergency response to major offshore oil spills. It has established a fast and efficient approach to maritime search and rescue that follows unified government leadership with the main responsibility on local authorities, and enlists help from both professional forces and the public in line with the principle of proximity and convenience. China is now equipped with more than 70 professional rescue vessels, more than 120 salvage vessels, more than 20 specialized rescue aircraft, and more than 20 emergency rescue teams. It has built a maritime search and rescue capability composed of professional rescue and salvage forces, the armed forces, government forces and social forces. From 2012 to 2019, the government organized 16,000 maritime search and rescue operations, dispatching 72,000 vessels and 2,780 aircraft, and rescued 11,000 vessels and 122,000 people in distress, with a success rate of 96.2 percent.

　　应对突发公共事件处置能力显著提升。科学高效应对各类突发公共事件，健全工作体系，提升应急能力。新冠肺炎疫情发生后，中国果断做出“一断三不断”部署，适时推出铁路“七快速”，公路“三不一优先”，水运“四优先”，民航客运“五个一”、货运“运贸对接”以及邮政“绿色通道”等政策措施，一方面全力阻断病毒通过交通工具传播，另一方面保障全国各地应急物资运输和人民生活需求，为打赢疫情防控人民战争、总体战、阻击战提供了有力支撑。

The capacity to deal with public emergencies has distinctly improved. China has enhanced its emergency response systems and capabilities, and has responded rationally and efficiently to various public emergencies. After Covid-19 struck, the Chinese government made resolute decisions to block the transmission of the virus and ensure the continuity of the transport network, the channels for emergency transport, and the transport of goods and materials essential for work and daily life. It introduced a series of timely policies and measures:

ensuring the rapid handling and delivery of emergency supplies by rail;

prioritizing and expediting free road access for emergency transport vehicles;

giving priority to emergency transport waterway vessels in passing through locks, being piloted, anchoring and docking;

allowing each Chinese airline to operate only one route per country with no more than one flight per week;

matching supply and demand between air transport enterprises and international trade and foreign-funded enterprises; and

opening fast postal channels.

These measures stopped any spread of the virus by means of transport and ensured the availability of emergency supplies and daily necessities, providing strong support for the all-out war against the epidemic.

　　五、推动构建全球交通命运共同体

V. Building a Global Community of Transport for All

　　中国坚持互利共赢的开放战略，深化与各国在交通领域合作，积极推进全球互联互通，积极参与全球交通治理，认真履行交通发展的国际责任与义务，在更多领域、更高层面上实现合作共赢、共同发展，推动构建全球交通命运共同体，服务构建人类命运共同体。

Pursuing a mutually beneficial strategy of opening up, China expands cooperation with other countries in the field of transport, actively promotes global connectivity and engages in global transport governance. It earnestly fulfills its international responsibilities and obligations and pursues win-win results and common development through cooperation in wider fields and at higher levels, contributing to building a global community of transport for all, and promoting a global community of shared future.

　　（一）助力共建“一带一路”

1. Contributing to Belt and Road Cooperation

　　共建“一带一路”承载着人们的美好梦想。中国秉持共商共建共享理念，与有关国家加快推进基础设施互联互通合作，共同打造开放包容、互利共赢的高质量发展之路，共同打造和平之路、合作之路、幸福之路。

The Belt and Road Initiative embodies great dreams. Following the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, China joins hands with other countries to accelerate cooperation in infrastructure connectivity and build a high-quality development path that is inclusive and beneficial to all – a road of peace, cooperation and prosperity. 

　　推动交通基础设施互联互通。注重发挥交通运输对于推进全球连通、促进共同繁荣的基础性先导性作用，加强与各国在交通互联互通领域互利合作。扎实推进巴基斯坦1号铁路干线升级改造项目（ML1）、中尼（泊尔）跨境铁路合作项目以及中老铁路、中泰铁路、雅万高铁建设。中国企业参与建成蒙内铁路、亚吉铁路、巴基斯坦拉哈尔“橙线”轨道交通项目等铁路。中欧班列累计开行突破3.1万列、通达21个欧洲国家的92个城市。合作建成白沙瓦——卡拉奇高速公路（苏库尔——木尔坦）、喀喇昆仑公路二期（赫韦利扬——塔科特）、昆曼公路、中俄黑河公路大桥、同江铁路大桥等公路、桥梁项目。参与希腊比雷埃夫斯港、斯里兰卡科伦坡港、巴基斯坦瓜达尔港等海外港口的建设和运营。在有关国家积极参与和共同努力下，“六廊六路多国多港”的互联互通架构基本形成。以铁路、公路、航运、航空为重点的全方位、多层次基础设施网络正在加快形成，区域间商品交易、流动成本逐渐降低，促进了跨区域资源要素的有序流动和优化配置。

Promoting connectivity of transport infrastructure. China recognizes the importance of transport in promoting global connectivity and shared prosperity, and thus strengthens win-win cooperation with other countries in transport connectivity. Steady progress has been achieved in cooperation on the Pakistan Main Line 1 (ML-1) upgrading project, the China-Nepal Cross-border Railway, the China-Laos Railway, the China-Thailand Railway, and the Jakarta-Bandung High-speed Rail. With the joint efforts of Chinese enterprises and their international partners, the Mombasa-Nairobi Railway, the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway, and the Orange Line metro train project in Lahore, Pakistan have been completed. More than 31,000 China Railway Express Trains have made trans-continental voyages to Europe, reaching 92 cities in 21 European countries. Cooperation between China and relevant countries has brought a number of road and bridge projects to completion, including the Havelian-Thakot section of the Karakoram Highway and the Sukkur-Multan section of the Peshawar-Karachi Motorway, the Kunming-Bangkok Expressway, the Heihe-Blagoveshchensk Highway Bridge, the Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye Railway Bridge and other road and bridge projects. China has participated in the construction and operation of the Port of Piraeus in Greece, the Port of Colombo in Sri Lanka, the Gwadar Port in Pakistan and other overseas ports. With the active participation and joint efforts of the countries concerned, a connectivity framework consisting of six corridors, six routes and multiple countries and ports has taken shape. A comprehensive, multilevel infrastructure network with railways, highways, shipping and aviation at its core is forming rapidly. As a result, the costs of cross-regional trade and goods movement have been gradually reduced, facilitating the orderly flow and optimal allocation of resources and other production factors across regions.

　　推进国际运输便利化。积极推进政策、规则、标准“三位一体”联通，为互联互通提供机制保障。以共建“一带一路”为合作平台，与19个国家签署22项国际道路运输便利化协定；分别与比利时、阿联酋、法国签署机动车驾驶证互认换领双边协议；与66个国家和地区签署70个双边和区域海运协定，海运服务覆盖沿线所有沿海国家；与26个国家（地区）签署单边或者双边承认船员证书协议，与新加坡签署电子证书谅解备忘录，便利船舶通关，引领和推进电子证书在全球航运业的应用进程；建立中欧班列国际铁路合作机制，与22个国家签署邮政合作文件，实现中欧班列出口运邮常态化运作；与100个国家签订双边政府间航空运输协定，截至2019年底，中外航空公司在中国通航54个合作国家，每周运行6846个往返航班，与东盟、欧盟签订了区域性航空运输协定。建立中日韩俄四国海上搜救合作机制，与印尼国家搜救局签订部门间海上搜救合作备忘录。国际运输便利化推动了中国与沿线国家合作更加紧密、往来更加便利、利益更加融合。

Facilitating international transport. China actively promotes the coordination of policies, rules and standards among countries so as to provide institutional support for connectivity. Under the framework of Belt and Road cooperation, it has signed 22 agreements on international road transport with 19 countries, reached bilateral agreements with Belgium, the UAE, and France on mutual recognition and exchange of motor vehicle driving licenses, and concluded 70 bilateral or regional shipping agreements with 66 countries and regions, with its shipping services covering all costal countries along the Belt and Road. China has also signed agreements with 26 countries and regions on unilateral or mutual recognition of seafarer’s certificate of competency,  and signed a memorandum of understanding on electronic certificates with Singapore to facilitate customs clearance of ships and the application of electronic certificates in the global shipping industry. An international railway cooperation mechanism has been established for China Railway Express to Europe, and China has signed postal cooperation agreements with 22 countries, realizing regular outbound mail traffic of China Railway Express. China has signed bilateral intergovernmental agreements on air transport with 100 countries. By the end of 2019, Chinese and foreign airlines were operating air routes in China reaching 54 countries, with 6,846 round-trip flights every week. China has signed regional air transport agreements with ASEAN and the European Union. China has established a cooperation mechanism for maritime search and rescue with Japan, the Republic of Korea, and Russia, and signed a departmental memorandum of understanding on maritime search and rescue with the National Search and Rescue Agency of Indonesia. Thanks to these measures, China can enjoy closer cooperation, more convenient exchanges, and more shared interests with other countries along the Belt and Road.

　　（二）积极推动全球交通治理体系变革

2. Promoting Reform of Global Transport Governance

　　当前，全球交通治理体系面临一系列新课题，迫切需要变革创新，为全球发展提供更好助力和支撑。中国坚定支持多边主义，积极推动全球交通治理体系建设与变革，努力为全球交通治理提供中国智慧、中国方案。

Currently, global transport governance faces a series of new challenges. To better facilitate and support global development, it urgently needs reform and innovation. China firmly supports multilateralism, actively promotes the evolution of the global transport governance system, and contributes China’s vision and approach to global transport governance.

　　共谋全球交通治理。中国作为负责任大国，认真履行国际责任和义务。加入近120项交通运输领域多边条约，积极参与联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会、铁路合作组织、国际铁路联盟、世界道路协会、国际运输论坛、国际海事组织、国际民航组织、万国邮政联盟等国际组织事务，多次当选或连任国际海事组织A类理事国、万国邮政联盟相关理事会理事国，积极主办世界交通运输大会等国际会议。推动实现联合国2030年可持续发展议程框架下的交通领域可持续发展目标，携手其他发展中国家推动交通可持续发展全球治理改革，为发展中国家发展营造良好的国际环境。

Participating in global transport governance. As a major country that shoulders its international responsibilities and obligations, China has become a party to nearly 120 multilateral agreements on transport; it has taken an active part in the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Organisation for Cooperation between Railways (OSJD), the International Union of Railways (UIC), the World Road Association (PIARC), the International Transport Forum (ITF), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Universal Postal Union (UPU) and other international organizations. China has been reelected as a Category (a) Council member of the IMO and member of the councils of the UPU. It has hosted the World Transport Convention and other international conferences. China is committed to undertaking all transport-related actions under the framework of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It works with other developing countries to promote reform of global governance for sustainable transport, with the goal of creating a favorable international environment for developing countries.

　　推动全球气候治理。中国高度重视应对气候变化，积极承担符合自身发展阶段和国情的国际责任，实施积极应对气候变化国家战略。积极引导全球海运温室气体减排战略的制定和实施，在全球航空减排市场机制制定和实施进程中努力维护发展中国家权益，推动和引导建立公平合理、合作共赢的全球气候治理体系，为全球生态文明建设和可持续发展贡献力量。

Contributing to global climate governance. China attaches great importance to tackling climate change, actively undertakes international responsibilities and obligations that are commensurate with its stage of development and national conditions, and enforces a national strategy to proactively respond to climate change. It has played a leading role in formulating and implementing IMO’s initial strategy on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships, and worked hard to safeguard the interests of developing countries during the formulation and implementation of the market-based measure – Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation. China strives for the establishment of a fair and rational global climate governance system directed towards cooperation and win-win results, with the goal of contributing to global eco-environmental progress and sustainable development.

　　（三）加强国际交流与合作

3. Strengthening International Exchanges and Cooperation

　　中国遵循平等互利、合作共赢的原则，与各国深入开展交通领域交流合作，不断拓展广度深度，推动构建开放型世界经济。

In the spirit of equality and mutually beneficial cooperation, China seeks closer and broader cooperation with other countries on transport, to facilitate an open world economy.

　　扩大开放合作“朋友圈”。依托中俄总理定期会晤委员会运输合作分委会、中美交通论坛、中国－中东欧国家交通部长会议等平台，深化交通可持续发展合作，为构建新型国际关系发挥积极作用。秉持亲诚惠容周边外交理念，加强与周边国家交通合作，推动建立中日韩运输与物流部长会议、上海合作组织交通部长会议、中国－东盟（10+1）交通部长会议、中老缅泰澜沧江－湄公河商船通航联合协调委员会等合作机制，以及中俄、中朝界河航道航行管理机制。推动建立并参与亚太海事局长会议、中国－东盟海事磋商机制会议等区域合作机制。参与大湄公河次区域（GMS）、中亚区域经济合作（CAREC）等机制下的交通合作，为促进地区经济发展作出积极贡献。秉持正确义利观，积极开展与相关国家的海事能力建设和技术合作项目，向其他发展中国家提供基础设施建设、规划编制、能力建设等方面支持和援助。通过广泛深入的交流合作，推动形成市场合作互利共赢、成果经验互鉴共享的开放新格局。

Broadening the global network of partnerships. Through mechanisms such as the Transport Cooperation Sub-Committee of the Committee for Regular Meetings between Chinese and Russian Heads of Government, the China-US Transportation Forum, and the China-CEEC Transport Ministers’ Meeting, China furthers cooperation in sustainable development of transport and plays a constructive role in building a new model of international relations. Adhering to the principles of amity, sincerity, mutual benefit, and inclusiveness in its relations with its neighbors, China strengthens its cooperation with neighboring countries in transport. The following mechanisms have been established: the China-Japan-Korea Ministerial Conference on Transport and Logistics, the Meeting of SCO Ministers of Transport, the ASEAN and China Transport Ministers Meeting, the Joint Committee on Coordination of Commercial Navigation on Lancang-Mekong River among China, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand, mechanisms for the use and management of China-Russia and China-DPRK transboundary waterways, the Asia-Pacific Heads of Maritime Safety Agencies (APHoMSA) forum, and the China-ASEAN Maritime Consultation Mechanism. China has participated in transport cooperation under the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) and other frameworks, contributing substantially to regional economic development. Guided by the principle of pursuing the greater good and shared interests, China actively engages in international programs on enhancing maritime capability and technological cooperation, and provides support and aid for other developing countries in infrastructure construction, planning and capacity building. Through broad and in-depth exchanges and cooperation, China has broken new ground in opening up featuring mutually beneficial market-based cooperation, experience-sharing and mutual learning.

　　开展国际抗疫合作。新冠病毒是人类共同的敌人。中国加强与其他国家交通领域抗疫合作，推动构建人类卫生健康共同体。推动国际海事组织向174个成员国、有关国际组织转发《船舶船员新冠肺炎疫情防控操作指南》《港口及其一线人员新冠肺炎疫情防控工作指南》等多份文件。中国民用航空局向40多个重点通航国家民航部门分享《运输航空公司、机场疫情防控技术指南》。国家邮政局通过万国邮政联盟向其192个成员国分享《中国邮政新型冠状病毒防控指导手册》。以视频会议形式举办“中日韩运输与物流部长会议特别会议”“中国－东盟交通部长应对新冠疫情特别会议”“第19次中国－东盟交通部长会议”，发布部长联合声明。建立抗疫援助物资国内绿色运输通道，成立国际物流工作专班，实施包机串飞、商业航班、海陆联运、中欧班列等多式联运方式，全力支持做好抗疫援助物资运输保障工作。截至目前，已向150个国家和7个国际组织提供了294批次抗疫物资援助和支持，向33个国家派出援外医疗专家组35队262人。

Engaging in international cooperation in fighting Covid-19. The coronavirus is a common foe of all of humanity. China strengthens transport cooperation in Covid-19 prevention and control with other countries and promotes a global community of health for all. At China’sinitiative, the IMO recommended and forwarded a number of protocols from China to its 174 member states and relevant international organizations, including Guidelines for Covid-19 Prevention and Control for Seafarers on Board Vessels and Guidelines for Covid-19 Prevention and Control for Ports and Their Frontline Staff. The Civil Aviation Administration of China shared with its counterparts in more than 40 countries Preventing Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Guideline for Airlines and Preventing Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Guideline for Airports. Via the UPU, China Post shared the Handbook for New Coronavirus Prevention and Control with 192 member states of the union. China attended the Special Session of the Eighth China-Japan-Korea Ministerial Conference on Transport and Logistics, the China-ASEAN Transport Ministers’ Special Meeting on Covid-19, and the 19th China-ASEAN Transport Ministers’ Meeting via video links, and joint statements were issued after the events.

China has established domestic fast channels for the transport of materials to assist in the battle against Covid-19, and set up special task forces for international logistics. Through multimodal methods such as multi-stop chartered flights, commercial flights, sea-land multimodal freight and China Railway Express to Europe, it provides full support for transporting aid materials. So far, 294 batches of supplies have been provided to 150 countries and 7 international organizations, and 35 teams totaling 262 medical experts have been dispatched to aid 33 countries.

　　六、中国交通的未来展望

VI. Future Prospects for China’s Transport

　　中共十九大提出到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化、到本世纪中叶建成社会主义现代化强国的宏伟目标，中共十九届五中全会提出“加快建设交通强国”，中国的交通运输迎来更加宝贵的“黄金时期”。

The 19th CPC National Congress laid out the goals for realizing basic socialist modernization by 2035 and developing China into a great modern socialist country by the middle of the century. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed that we should accelerate the effort to build China into a country with a strong transport industry, which would bring in a period of good opportunities for the sector’s development. 

　　交通高质量发展更加紧迫。中国决胜全面建成小康社会取得决定性成就。进入新发展阶段，贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局对交通发展提出了更高要求，也提供了更大空间。人民对美好生活的向往呈现多样化、多层次、多方面特点，对交通运输服务需求更加旺盛、更加多元。新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速推进，给交通运输带来革命性变化。同时，国际环境日趋复杂，不稳定性不确定性明显增加，新冠肺炎疫情在全球传播推动世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，单边主义、保护主义、霸权主义使国际产业链供应链运转严重受阻，气候变化给生态系统安全及经济社会发展带来现实和潜在威胁。

A high-quality transport industry is a matter of urgency. Decisive progress has been made in China’s endeavors to secure a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. The country has entered a new stage of development and worked to put into practice the new development philosophy, with a higher requirement and providing more room for transport to contribute to the new development dynamic. The Chinese people’s expectations of a better life have been growing in a multi-tiered and multi-faceted way, producing stronger and more diverse demands for transport services. A new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is gaining momentum and bringing tremendous changes to transport. Meanwhile, China is faced with a more complex international environment and increasing instability and uncertainty. The worldwide spread of Covid-19 has led to a level of profound worldwide change unseen in a century. Unilateralism, protectionism and hegemonism have seriously impeded international industry and supply chains. Climate change has posed real and potential threats to eco-environmental security and economic and social development.

　　面对国际国内形势的发展变化，加快构建国家综合立体交通网，建设人民满意、保障有力、世界前列交通强国，既面临机遇，也面临挑战。适应新的生产生活方式变化，建设人民满意交通，全面提升综合交通运输网络效率和服务品质的要求更高；服务国土空间开发保护和城乡区域协调发展，全方位提升交通保障能力，保持交通基础设施适度超前发展、充分发挥交通先行作用的要求更高；服务经济高质量发展，转变交通发展方式，提高安全智慧绿色发展水平，提升安全防控、应急处置和救援保障能力，推进治理现代化的要求更高；支撑全方位对外开放，强化交通基础设施互联互通，完善面向全球的运输服务网络的要求更高。

Facing these changes in the international and domestic situation, China is moving faster in developing a national comprehensive and multidimensional traffic network, and reinforcing its strength in transport to satisfy the needs of its people, ensure adequate support for transport, and become a world leader in this field. They involve both opportunities and challenges. China will adapt to changes in work and daily life, develop transport services that fully respond to public needs, and improve the efficiency and service quality of a comprehensive transport network. To serve the exploitation and protection of its land resources, and to ensure coordinated development between rural and urban areas and between regions, China will improve its all-round transport support capabilities, maintain a future-oriented approach to the development of its transport infrastructure, and optimize the leading role of transport in bolstering economic and social development. To serve high-quality economic development, China will transform the growth model of its transport industry, pursue safe, intelligent and green transport, improve its capacity in safety management and emergency response and rescue, and modernize its transport governance. To support opening up on all fronts, China will strengthen the connectivity of transport infrastructure and improve the globally-oriented network of transport services.

　　加快建设交通强国。进入新的发展阶段，中国交通坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，以高质量发展为主题，以供给侧结构性改革为主线，牢牢把握“先行官”定位，适度超前，推动交通发展由追求速度规模向更加注重质量效益转变，由各种交通方式相对独立发展向更加注重一体化融合发展转变，由依靠传统要素驱动向更加注重创新驱动转变，构建安全、便捷、高效、绿色、经济的现代化综合交通体系，打造一流设施、一流技术、一流管理、一流服务，努力建设人民满意、保障有力、世界前列的交通强国。

China moves faster to become a world leader in transport. In its endeavors to build a high-quality transport system fit for a new stage of development, China is committed to people-centered development, and pursues supply-side structural reform as its main task. Giving priority to transport in future plans, China will shift its focus from speed and scale to quality and efficiency, from independent initiatives to integrated multimodal development, and from traditional drivers to innovative forces. Our country will build a modern comprehensive transport system that is safe, convenient, efficient, green and economical, equipped with world-class facilities, technology, management and services.

　　到2035年，基本建成交通强国。现代化综合交通体系基本形成，人民满意度明显提高，支撑国家现代化建设能力显著增强。拥有发达的快速网、完善的干线网、广泛的基础网，城乡区域交通协调发展达到新高度。基本形成都市区1小时通勤、城市群2小时通达、全国主要城市3小时覆盖的“全国123出行交通圈”和国内1天送达、周边国家2天送达、全球主要城市3天送达的“全球123快货物流圈”，旅客联程运输便捷顺畅，货物多式联运高效经济。智能、平安、绿色、共享交通发展水平明显提高，城市交通拥堵基本缓解，无障碍出行服务体系基本完善。交通科技创新体系基本建成，交通关键装备先进安全，人才队伍精良，市场环境优良。基本实现交通治理现代化。交通国际竞争力和影响力显著提升。交通运输全面适应人民日益增长的美好生活需要，为基本实现社会主义现代化提供有力支撑。

By 2035, China will have built up significant strength in transport. A modern comprehensive transport system will be in place to substantially improve public satisfaction levels and better support national modernization. Equipped with an advanced express network, sound trunk network, and extensive basic network, the system will raise the coordinated transport development in urban and rural areas to new heights. The National 1-2-3 Travel Circle (one hour to commute in cities, two hours to travel within city clusters, and three hours to travel between major domestic cities) and the Global 1-2-3 Logistics Circle (one day to deliver within China, two days to deliver to neighboring countries, and three days to deliver to major global cities) will take initial shape, providing convenient combined transport of passengers, and economical and efficient multimodal transport of goods. China will make marked progress in developing intelligent, safe, green and shared transport, easing urban traffic congestion, and creating a barrier-free travel system. The country will establish a sci-tech innovation system for transport, develop advanced and safe key equipment, train high-caliber professionals, and create a sound market environment. China will achieve the basic modernization of its transport governance. Its international competitiveness and influence in transport will be improved markedly. China will make all-round progress in transport to meet the people’s growing expectation for a better life and provide powerful support for achieving basic socialist modernization.

　　结束语

Conclusion

　　中国即将开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程。进入新的发展阶段，中国交通将更好履行经济社会发展“先行官”使命，践行新发展理念，服务新发展格局，让交通更加安全、便捷、高效、绿色、经济，为2035年基本实现社会主义现代化、本世纪中叶全面建成社会主义现代化强国提供坚实基础。

China is engaged in an all-out effort to build a great modern socialist country. Transport will play a stronger part in leading economic and social development. China will implement the new development strategy and develop safe, convenient, efficient, green and economical transport to lay a solid foundation for achieving basic socialist modernization by 2035 and becoming a great modern socialist country in all respects by the middle of the century.

　　当前，新冠肺炎疫情仍在全球蔓延，各国面临疫情冲击和经济衰退双重挑战，交通运输对于全球团结抗疫、推动经济增长十分重要。中国将秉持人类命运共同体理念，落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程，加强交通国际交流合作，与世界各国一道，更好推进全球互联互通、民心相通，为建设繁荣美好世界作出更大贡献。

At present, the world is facing challenges from the Covid-19 pandemic and economic recession. Transport can play an important role in binding countries together and promoting economic growth during this difficult time. Upholding the vision of a global community of shared future, China will continue to implement the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and strengthen international exchanges and cooperation on transport. China will work with all other countries to promote global connectivity and stronger people-to-people ties, and make a greater contribution to building a better world.